Presentation on biology on the topic "metabolism and energy in the cell." Presentation on the topic “Metabolism in the human body. Carbohydrates and their role in the body.

Metabolism and energy - Metabolism

The relationship between the processes of catabolism and anabolism

Main role in
pairing
anabolic
And
catabolic
processes in
body
play:
ATP,
NADP N.

Anaerobic and aerobic catabolism

Primary and secondary heat

Phosphorylation ratio (P/O) -

Nutrient Metabolism Pathways

Proteins and their role in the body

Proteins and their role in the body

Rubner wear coefficient

Nitrogen balance

Lipids and their role in the body

Carbohydrates and their role in the body

Minerals and their role in the body

Vitamins and their role in the body

Energy Balance Equation

Physical calorimetry (“bomb”) Berthelot

E = A + H + S

Atwater - Benedict biocalorimeter E = A + H + S

body costs

Caloric equivalent of oxygen (CE02)

Basic exchange -

BX

Regulation of metabolism and energy

It is multiparametric, i.e.
including regulatory systems
(centers) of many body functions
(respiration, circulation, excretion,
heat transfer, etc.).

Center for regulation of metabolism and energy

Efferent links in metabolic regulation

The main function of the thermoregulation system

Temperature of various areas of the human body

Endogenous thermoregulation

Heat production

Heat dissipation

Types of heat transfer

Thermoregulation center

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Presentation on anatomy on the topic: Metabolism - as the main property of a living system Completed by: Natalya Amineva, . Nizhny Novgorod 2015

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The concept of metabolism Metabolism or metabolism is a set of chemical reactions that occur in a living organism to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to environmental influences. Metabolism is usually divided into two stages: during catabolism, complex organic substances are degraded to simpler ones; In the processes of anabolism, substances such as proteins, sugars, lipids and nucleic acids are synthesized with energy expenditure.

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Metabolism and energy is a common property of all living things, which underlies the maintenance of life. Living organisms are capable of absorbing certain substances from the environment, transforming them, obtaining energy through these transformations, and releasing unnecessary residues of these substances back into the environment.

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All organisms are open systems that are stable only if they have continuous access to substances and energy from the outside.

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Metabolic conditions Availability of energy in the form of ATP. The presence of enzymes - biological catalysts. Functional activity of organelles responsible for carrying out oxidation and synthesis reactions. Clear control from the cell nucleus. Availability of starting materials.

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Receipt of nutrients and energy from the external environment 2 3 1 Transformation of these substances and energy within the body Use of positive components of these transformations by the body 4 Release of unnecessary components of transformations from the body into the external environment

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Protein metabolism Proteins are high molecular weight polymeric nitrogen-containing substances. Proteins occupy a leading place among organic elements, accounting for more than 50% of the dry mass of the cell. The entire complex of metabolism in the body (respiration, digestion, excretion) is ensured by the activity of enzymes, which are proteins. All motor functions of the body are ensured by the interaction of contractile proteins - actin and myosin. Proteins are part of the cytoplasm, hemoglobin, blood plasma, many hormones, immune bodies, maintain the constancy of the body’s water-salt environment, and ensure its growth. Enzymes that are necessarily involved in all stages of metabolism are proteins. The entire complex of metabolism in the body (respiration, digestion, excretion) is ensured by the activity of enzymes, which are proteins. All motor functions of the body are ensured by the interaction of contractile proteins - actin and myosin.

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The importance of lipids in the body Lipids are esters of glycerol and higher fatty acids. There is a lot of fat in the subcutaneous tissue, around some internal organs (for example, kidneys), as well as in the liver and muscles. Fats are part of cells (cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membranes), where their quantity is constant. Accumulations of fat can serve other functions. For example, subcutaneous fat prevents increased heat transfer, perinephric fat protects the kidney from bruises, etc. Fat is used by the body as a rich source of energy. The breakdown of 1 g of fat in the body releases more than twice as much energy (38.9 kJ) as the breakdown of the same amount of proteins or carbohydrates. A lack of fat in food disrupts the activity of the central nervous system and reproductive organs, and reduces endurance to various diseases. With fats, the body receives vitamins soluble in them (A, D, E, etc.), which are vitally important for humans.

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The importance of carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the main source of energy, especially during intense muscle work. In adults, the body receives more than half of its energy from carbohydrates. The breakdown of carbohydrates with the release of energy can occur both in oxygen-free conditions and in the presence of oxygen. The end products of carbohydrate metabolism are carbon dioxide and water. Carbohydrates have the ability to quickly break down and oxidize. In case of severe fatigue or heavy physical exertion, taking a few grams of sugar improves the condition of the body.

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The importance of minerals Minerals, along with proteins, carbohydrates and vitamins, are vital components of human food and are necessary for the construction of the chemical structures of living tissues and the implementation of biochemical and physiological processes that underlie the life of the body. The vast majority of all naturally occurring chemical elements (81) are found in the human body. 12 elements are called structural, because they make up 99% of the elemental composition of the human body (C, O, H, N, Ca, Mg, Na, K, S, P, F, Cl). The main building materials are four elements: nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and carbon. The remaining elements, being in the body in small quantities, play an important role, affecting the health and condition of our body.

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Metabolic process

This is a complex of chemical reactions of living organisms occurring in a certain order.

Metabolism is a constant process of a living cell.

The outstanding Russian physiologist I.M. Sechenov wrote: “An organism cannot exist without an environment that gives it energy.”

Catabolism (splitting reaction) is the process of breaking down organic substances rich in energy.

Anabolism (synthesis reaction) is the synthesis of various macromolecules using the energy of simple substances formed during the catabolic reaction, namely amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids, nitrogenous bases and ATP with NADP∙H

Diagram of metabolism in a cell

Cell macromolecules: proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids

Nutrients – sources of energy: carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Chemical energy: ATP, NADP

Anabolism

Catabolism

New molecules: amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, nitrogenous bases

Energy-poor decomposition substances: CO 2, H 2 O, NH 2

Energy metabolism of the cell, or respiration of the body.

ATP synthesis. Breathing and burning .

When substances combine with oxygen, the process occurs oxidation, during splitting – the process recovery. Such reactions of living organisms are called biological oxidation.

ATP. Breathing and burning.

If combustion organic substances with the participation of oxygen occurs in nature, That breathing process living organisms is carried out in mitochondria . The energy of the combustion process is released in the form of heat . The energy generated during breathing is used to maintain vital functions and maintain the activity of the body.

Breathing can be described like this:

C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 → 6CO 2 +6H 2 O+2881 kJ/mol

Glycolysis process

The process of breaking down glucose with the help of enzymes, accompanied by the release of part of the energy accumulated in the glucose molecule, is called glycolysis.

The process of breaking down glucose is divided into three stages:

• Glycolysis
• Conversion of citric acid
• Electron transport chain

Glycolysis consists of three stages: preparatory, oxygen-free, oxygen.

Preparatory stage of glycolysis

Here, organic substances rich in energy are broken down into simple substances under the influence of special enzymes. For example, polysaccharides are broken down into monosaccharides, fats into fatty acids and glycerol, nucleic acids into nucleotides, proteins into amino acids.

Oxygen-free stage of glycolysis .

Consists of 13 sequential reactions occurring under the influence of enzymes. The initial product of the reaction is 1 mol C6H12O6 (glucose), as a result of the reaction 2 mol C 3 H 6 O 3 (lactic acid) and 2 mol ATP are formed. Oxygen does not participate in this reaction at all, which is why this stage is called oxygen-free. Pay attention to the reaction equation:

C6H12O6+2H3PO4+2 ADP → 2C3H6O3+2 ATP +2H2O

As a result of the reaction, 200 kJ of energy is produced, of which 40%, or 80 kJ, is stored in two ATP molecules, 120 kJ of energy, or 60%, is stored in the cell.

Oxygen stage of glycolysis

This reaction differs from oxygen-free cleavage by the participation of oxygen and the complete breakdown of glucose with the formation of the final products CO2 and H2O. The initial reaction product involves 2 moles of C3H6O3 (lactic acid); As a result, 36 moles of ATP are synthesized.

2C3H6O3+6O2+36H3PO4+36 ADP → 6CO2+36 ATP +42H2O

This means that the main source of energy is formed during the oxygen stage of glycolysis (2600 kJ)

Of the 2600 kJ of energy obtained as a result of the aerobic process of glycolysis, 1440 kJ, or 54%, is used for the chemical bonds of ATP.

The overall equation for the reaction of anoxic and oxygenic breakdown of glucose looks like this:

C6H12O6+6O2+38H3PO4+38 ADP → 6CO3+38 ATP +44H2O

The energy generated in the process of oxygen-free and oxygen splitting of 80 kJ + 1440 kJ = 1520 kJ, or 55%, is stored in the form of potential energy, used for the life processes of the cell, and 45% is used in the form of heat energy.

• Energy is released through combustion and respiration. The combustion reaction occurs in nature, and the respiration reaction occurs in the mitochondria of the cell.
• The energy used for the life processes of the cell is stored in the form of ATP.
• The ATP molecule is synthesized during oxygenic and oxygen-free breakdown of glucose.
• The energy generated during glycolysis is stored 55% as potential energy, and 45% is converted into heat energy.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis occurs in plant chloroplasts. They contain pigment chlorophyll, giving green color to plants. The pigment chlorophyll, absorbing blue and red rays, is reflected green and gives the corresponding color to plants.

Photosynthesis has two phases - light and dark . In the light phase, reactions with a false mechanism occur using the energy of sunlight. These include: ATP synthesis, NADP∙H formation, water photolysis

Photosynthesis plays an important role in converting the energy of the sun in the form of ATP into the energy of chemical bonds, which can be seen in the diagram:

Photosynthesis

Solar energy ATP Organic matter

Growth, development, movement, etc.

During photosynthesis, plants store energy from the sun in the form of organic compounds; when they respire, nutrient molecules are broken down, releasing energy. These phenomena provide the energy necessary for ATP synthesis.

Dark phase of photosynthesis

In the dark phase of photosynthesis, CO2 (carbon monoxide) is of great importance. Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides are synthesized using the energy of ATP, NADP∙H. Since the synthesis of these organic substances does not use light energy, these organic substances do not use light energy, this process is called the dark phase of photosynthesis.

In the dark phase, a five-carbon carbohydrate (C5) participates as the initial reaction product. The formation of a three-carbon compound (C 3) is called WITH 3 – cycle, or Calvin cycle .

For the discovery of this cycle, the American biochemist M. Calvin was awarded the Nobel Prize.

Protein biosynthesis, a complex, multi-step process, involves DNA, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, ATP and various enzymes.

The system of recording genetic information in DNA (mRNA) in the form of a specific sequence of nucleotides is called genetic code

Transcription (literally “rewriting”) proceeds as a matrix synthesis reaction. On a DNA chain, as on a template, according to the principle of complementarity, an mRNA chain is synthesized, which in its nucleotide sequence exactly copies (complementary) the sequence of nucleotides of the matrix - the polynucleotide chain of DNA, and thymine in DNA corresponds to uracil in RNA.

BROADCAST

The next step in protein biosynthesis is broadcast(Latin for “transfer”) is the translation of a nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule into a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

• Maintaining a constant internal state.
• One of the most important properties of the body.
• Metabolism of substances and energy occurs at all levels of the body.

LECTURE PLAN

Metabolic stages:

Law of energy conservation

Metabolism is a set of physical, chemical and physiological processes that ensure the receipt and delivery of energy from energy to cells.

Intermediate metabolism is a set of chemical transformations of nutrients from the moment they enter the blood until the beginning of excretion

METABOLISM AND ENERGY

Functions of proteins:

Conversion of proteins in the body

Types of protein synthesis

Protein half-life 80 days

PROTEINS – biological polymers consisting of amino acids

Daily protein requirement

Nitrogen balance is the difference between the amount of nitrogen received from food and released with metabolic products.

Nitrogen balance

Rubner wear coefficient

Regulation of protein metabolism

Functions of lipids:

Higher fatty acids

The role of unsaturated fatty acids:

Total cholesterol pool:

Formation of atherosclerotic plaque

Daily fat requirement

Proper body weight and obesity

Cause and conditions for the development of nutritional obesity

Nutritional obesity as a risk factor for various diseases

Nervous regulation of fat metabolism

Humoral regulation of fat metabolism

Functions of carbohydrates:

The main pathways of glucose metabolism in the body

Metabolism of glucose in the body

Daily requirement for carbohydrates

Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism is determined by maintaining blood glucose levels (3.3 – 5.55 mmol/l)

Integration of protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism

THERMOREGULATION

Lecture 21 prof. Mukhina I.V. Medical Faculty

METABOLISM AND

Exchange, or metabolic, processes during which specific elements of the body are synthesized from absorbed foods are called anabolism.

Metabolic, or metabolic, processes during which specific elements of the body or absorbed foods undergo breakdown are called catabolism.

Metabolism and energy represents a set of processes of transformation of substances and energy in living systems, as well as the exchange of substances and energy between the organism and the external environment.

Consists of three stages:

1. The entry of substances into various cells (enzymatic breakdown of substances, absorption, supply of oxygen to the body, transport of substances);

2. Nutrient utilization by cells;

3. Removal of metabolic end products into the environment.

METABOLISM

Nutrientsare called food components that are assimilated during metabolism in the body. These include proteins fats carbohydrates,

vitamins, minerals and water.

Physiological task is a quantitative assessment of metabolism, for which they study the entry into the body

proteins, fats and carbohydrates and their consumption.

Protein metabolism

Plastic (structure, regeneration)

Regulatory (enzymes, hormones, receptors)

Homeostatic (oncotic pressure, blood viscosity, blood buffer systems)

Protective (antibodies, hemostasis)

Transport

Energy

Biological value:

Proteins have different amino acid compositions, and therefore the possibility of their use by the body varies. Of the 20 amino acids, 12 are synthesized in the body, and8 – essential amino acids (leucine,

isoleucine, valine, methionine, lysine, threonine, phenylalanine, tryptophan).

In this regard, there is a distinctionbiologically valuable proteins

inferior.

Food must contain at least 30% proteins with high biological value , mainly of animal origin. The coefficient of conversion of animal proteins from plant proteins is 0,6-0,7%.

Daily requirement:

To fully satisfy the body's protein needs, a person must receive 80-100 g of protein, including 30 g of animal origin, and during physical activity - 130-150 g.

Physiological optimum of protein– 1 g/kg body weight.

When 1 g of proteins is oxidized, 4.0 kcal = 16.7 J is released.

Interconversion of nutrients:

Rubner's isodynamic rule - the metabolism of fats, proteins, carbohydrates is interconnected. Nutrients can be interchanged in accordance with their energy value, since there are intermediate metabolites, for example, acetyl coenzyme A, with the help of which all types of metabolism are reduced to a common path - tricarboxylic acid cycle. However, proteins, due to their plastic function and inability to be deposited, cannot be replaced by either fats or carbohydrates.

Nitrogen balance

Nitrogen balance- the difference between the amount of nitrogen entering the body with food and the amount of nitrogen excreted from the body in the form of final metabolites.

16 g nitrogen corresponds to 100 g protein(1 g of nitrogen corresponds to 6.25 g of protein).

If the amount of nitrogen supplied is equal to the amount released, then we can talk aboutnitrogen balance. To maintain nitrogen balance in the body, 30-45 g/day of animal protein is required.

The condition in which the amount of nitrogen taken in exceeds the amount released is calledpositive nitrogen balance.

The condition in which the amount of nitrogen excreted exceeds that supplied is callednegative nitrogen balance.

The minimum amount of protein that is constantly broken down in the body is calledwear coefficient (Rubner). It is approximately 0.028-0.075 g nitrogen/kg per day. Thus, protein loss in a person weighing 70 kg is 23 g/day. Intake of protein into the body in smaller quantities leads to a negative nitrogen balance, which does not satisfy the plastic and energy needs of the body.

Regulation of protein metabolism:

Anabolism – somatotropin (adenohypophysis hormone), insulin (pancreas), androgen (male sex glands).

Catabolism - thyroxine and triiodothyronine (thyroid gland), glucocorticoids (stimulate synthesis in the liver) and adrenaline (adrenal glands).

Lipid metabolism

Lipids: neutral fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, cholesterol, fatty acids.

Plastic (phospholipids, cholesterol);

Energy;

Source of formation of energy reserves and endogenous water (in women, depot 20-25% of body weight, in men – 12-14%);

Regulatory (conversion of male sex hormones into female ones in adipose tissue).