Geography presentation on the topic of geographical discoveries. Presentation "great geographical discoveries". Farewell in Tver

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Presentation on the topic: Great geographical discoveries

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Great geographical discoveries of European travelers of the late 15th century. - mid 17th century were the result of the rapid development of productive forces in Europe, the growth of trade with the countries of the East, and the shortage of precious metals in connection with the development of trade and money circulation. Major travel routes

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It is known that even in ancient times, Europeans visited the coast of America, traveled along the coast of Africa, etc. However, a geographical discovery is considered not only a visit by representatives of any civilized people to a previously unknown part of the Earth. This concept includes the establishment of a direct connection between the newly discovered lands and the centers of culture of the Old World. Only the discovery of America by X. Columbus marked the beginning of broad connections between the open lands and Europe; the travels of Vasco da Gama to the shores of India and F. Magellan’s trip around the world served the same purpose.

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Great geographical discoveries became possible as a result of significant advances in the development of science and technology in Europe. At the end of the 15th century, the doctrine of the sphericity of the Earth became widespread, and knowledge in the field of astronomy and geography expanded. Navigation instruments (compass, astrolabe) were improved, and a new type of sailing ship appeared - the caravel. Prince Henry (Enrique), nicknamed the navigator, is the organizer of long-distance voyages of the Portuguese

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Portuguese navigators were the first to begin searching for new sea routes to Asia. In the early 60s. 15th century they captured the first strongholds on the coast of Africa, and then, moving south along its western coast, discovered the Cape Verde Islands and the Azores. At this time, Henry (Enrique), nicknamed the Navigator, became a tireless organizer of long voyages, although he himself rarely set foot on a ship. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope in southern Africa, Vasco da Gama discovered a sea route to India, a land of fabulous riches.

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The knowledge gained by the Portuguese as a result of their travels gave sailors from other countries valuable information about the tides, the direction of winds and currents, and made it possible to create more accurate maps on which latitudes, lines of the tropics and the equator were plotted. These prince maps contained information about previously unknown countries. Previously widespread ideas about the impossibility of low tides and swimming in equatorial waters were refuted, and the fear of the unknown, characteristic of medieval people, gradually began to recede.

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At the same time, the Spaniards also rushed to search for new trade routes. In 1492, after the capture of Granada and the completion of the reconquista, the Spanish King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella accepted the project of the Genoese navigator Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) to reach the shores of India, sailing west. Columbus's project had many opponents, but it received the support of scientists at the University of Salaman, the most famous in Spain, and, no less significantly, among the business people of Seville. On August 3, 1492, from Palos - one of the best ports on the Atlantic coast of Spain - Columbus's flotilla, consisting of 3 ships - "Santa Maria", "Pinta" and "Nina", whose crews numbered 120 people, set sail. From the Canary Islands, Columbus headed west. On October 12, 1492, after a month of sailing in the open ocean, the fleet approached a small island from the group of Bahamas, then named San Salvador. Although the newly discovered lands bore little resemblance to the fabulously rich islands of India and China, until the end of his days Columbus was convinced that he had discovered islands off the eastern coast of Asia.

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During the first voyage, the islands of Cuba, Haiti and a number of smaller ones were discovered. In 1492, Columbus returned to Spain, where he was appointed admiral of all discovered lands and received the right to 1/10 of all income. Subsequently, Columbus made three more voyages to America - in 1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504, during which part of the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Trinidad, etc. were discovered; part of the Atlantic coast of Central and South America was surveyed. Although the open lands were very fertile and favorable for life, the Spaniards did not find gold there. Doubts arose that the newly discovered lands were India. The number of Columbus's enemies among the nobles grew, dissatisfied with the fact that he severely punished the expedition members for disobedience. In 1500, Columbus was removed from his post and sent to Spain in chains. He managed to restore his good name and make another trip to America. However, after returning from his last journey, he was deprived of all income and privileges and died in poverty.

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The number of Columbus's enemies among the nobles grew, dissatisfied with the fact that he severely punished the expedition members for disobedience. In 1500, Columbus was removed from his post and sent to Spain in chains. He managed to restore his good name and make another trip to America. However, after returning from his last journey, he was deprived of all income and privileges and died in poverty. Ships of the expedition of Christopher Columbus

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Columbus's discoveries forced the Portuguese to hurry up. In 1497, the flotilla of Vasco da Gama (1469-1524) sailed from Lisbon to explore routes around Africa. Having rounded the Cape of Good Hope, he entered the Indian Ocean. Moving north along the coast, the Portuguese reached the Arab trading cities of Mozambique and Malindi. With the help of an Arab pilot, on May 20, 1498, Vasco da Gama's squadron entered the Indian port of Calicut. Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition around the world

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In August 1499 his ships returned to Portugal. The sea route to the land of fabulous riches was open. From now on, the Portuguese began to equip up to 20 ships annually for trade with India. Thanks to their superiority in weapons and technology, they managed to oust the Arabs from there. The Portuguese attacked their ships, exterminated their crews, and devastated cities on the southern coast of Arabia. In India, they captured strongholds, among which the city of Goa became the main one. The spice trade was declared a royal monopoly; it provided up to 800% of profits. At the beginning of the 16th century. The Portuguese captured Malacca and the Moluccas. In 1499-1500 by the Spaniards and in 1500-1502. The coast of Brazil was discovered by the Portuguese.

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In the 16th century Portuguese sailors mastered the sea routes in the Indian Ocean, reached the shores of China, and were the first Europeans to set foot on Japanese soil. Among them was Fernand Pinto, the author of travel diaries, which gave a detailed description of the newly discovered country. Before this, Europe had only fragmentary and confusing information about Japan from the “Book of Marco Polo,” the famous Venetian traveler of the 14th century, who, however, never reached the Japanese islands. In 1550, their image with its modern name first appeared on a Portuguese navigation map.

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In Spain, after the death of Columbus, expeditions continued to be sent to new lands. At the beginning of the 16th century. traveled to the Western Hemisphere Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512) - a Florentine merchant who served first with the Spanish and then with the Portuguese king, a famous navigator and geographer. Thanks to his letters, the idea that Columbus discovered not the coast of India, but a new continent, gained popularity. In honor of Vespucci, this continent was named America. In 1515, the first globe with this name appeared, and then atlases and maps. Vespucci's hypothesis was finally confirmed as a result of Magellan's trip around the world (1519-1522). The name of Columbus remained immortalized in the name of one of the Latin American countries - Colombia.

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The proposal to reach the Moluccas, rounding the American continent from the south, expressed by Vespucci, interested the Spanish government. In 1513, the Spanish conquistador V. Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and reached the Pacific Ocean, which gave hope to Spain, which did not receive much benefit from Columbus's discoveries, to find a western route to the shores of India. This task was destined to be completed by the Portuguese nobleman Ferdinand Magellan (c. 1480-1521), who had previously visited the Portuguese possessions in Asia. He believed that the coast of India lay much closer to the newly discovered continent than it actually was. World Ocean.

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On September 20, 1519, a squadron of five ships with 253 crew members, led by Magellan, who had entered the service of the Spanish king, left the Spanish harbor of San Lucar. After 11 months of sailing across the Atlantic Ocean, Magellan reached the southern tip of America and passed through the Strait (later called the Strait of Magellan), which separated the mainland from Tierra del Fuego. After three weeks of sailing through the strait, the squadron entered the Pacific Ocean, passing off the coast of Chile. On December 1, 1520, land was last seen from ships. Magellan headed north and then northwest. For three months and twenty days, while the ships sailed on the ocean, he was calm, and therefore Magellan called him Quiet.

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On March 6, 1521, the expedition approached the small inhabited islands (Mariana Islands), and after another 10 days it reached the Philippine Islands. As a result of Magellan's voyage, the idea of ​​the spherical shape of the Earth was confirmed, it was proved that between Asia and America there lies a huge expanse of water - the Pacific Ocean, that most of the globe is occupied by water, and not land, that there is a single World Ocean.

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On April 27, 1521, Magellan died in a skirmish with the natives on one of the Philippine islands. His companions continued sailing under the command of Juan Sebastian El Cano and reached the Moluccas and Indonesia. Almost a year later, the last of Magellan's ships set off for their native shores, taking on board a large cargo of spices. On September 6, 1522, the ship Victoria returned to Spain; Of the entire crew, only 18 people survived. "Victoria" brought so many spices that their sale made it possible not only to cover all the expenses of the expedition, but also to make a significant profit. For a long time, no one followed Magellan’s example, and only in 1578-1580. The second voyage around the world in history was made by the English pirate Francis Drake, who robbed the Spanish colonies on the Pacific coast of America along the way.

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In the 16th century - 1st half of the 17th century. The Spaniards explored the northern and western coasts of South America, penetrated into the interior and, in a bloody struggle, conquered the states (Mayans, Aztecs, Incas) that existed in the territory of Yucatan, present-day Mexico and Peru. Here the Spanish conquerors, primarily Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, seized enormous treasures accumulated by the rulers and priests of these states. In search of the fabulous country of El Dorado, the Spaniards explored the basin of the Orinoco and Magdalena rivers, where rich deposits of gold, silver and platinum were also discovered. The Spanish conquistador Jimenez de Quesada conquered what is now Colombia.

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Long before the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, the idea of ​​the existence of a “Southern Continent”, of which the islands of Southeast Asia were considered a part, arose and became especially popular during the discoveries. She spoke out in geographical works, and the mythical continent was even put on maps under the name “Terra Australis Incognita” - “Unknown Southern Land”. In 1605, a Spanish squadron of 3 ships sailed from Peru under the command of P. Quiros, who discovered a number of islands, one of which he mistook for the coast of the mainland. Abandoning two ships to the mercy of fate, Quiros returned to Peru and then sailed to Spain to secure the rights to rule the new lands. But he was soon mistaken. The captain of one of the two abandoned ships, the Portuguese L.V. de Torres, continued sailing and found out that Quiros had discovered not the mainland, but a group of islands (New Hebrides).

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Sailing west, Torres passed along the southern coast of New Guinea through the strait later named after him, and discovered Australia lying to the south. There is evidence that on the coast of the new continent back in the 16th century. The Portuguese and the Dutch landed shortly before Torres, but this was not known in Europe. Having reached the Philippine Islands, Torres reported the discovery to the Spanish government. However, fearing competitors and lacking the strength and means to develop the new land, the Spanish administration hid information about this discovery. James Cook, English navigator, participant in two major voyages around the world. Explorer of Australia and Oceania.

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In 1497-1498, English sailors reached the northeastern coast of North America and discovered Newfoundland and Labrador. At the same time, a search was underway for a northeastern route to India through the Arctic Ocean. In the 16th-17th centuries. Russian explorers explored the northern coasts of the Ob, Yenisei and Lena and mapped the contours of the northern coast of Asia. In 1642, Yakutsk was founded, which became the base for expeditions to the Arctic Ocean. Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev, who discovered the strait between the Asian continent and America

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In 1648, Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (c. 1605-1673) left Kolyma and walked around the Chukotka Peninsula, proving that the Asian continent is separated from America by a strait. The outlines of the northeastern coast of Asia were refined and plotted on maps (1667, “Drawing of the Siberian Land”). But Dezhnev’s report on the discovery of the strait lay in the Yakut archive for 80 years and was published only in 1758. In the 18th century. The strait discovered by Dezhnev was named after the Danish navigator in the Russian service, Vitus Bering, who in 1728 opened the strait for the second time. In 1898, in memory of Dezhnev, a cape at the northeastern tip of Asia was named after him. Cape Dezhnev

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In the 15th - 17th centuries. As a result of bold sea and land expeditions, a significant part of the Earth was discovered and explored. Paths were laid that connected distant countries and continents. Great geographical discoveries marked the beginning of the creation of the colonial system (see Colonialism), contributed to the formation of the world market and played an important role in the formation of the capitalist economic system in Europe. For the newly discovered and conquered countries, they brought mass extermination, the imposition of the cruelest forms of exploitation, and the forced introduction of Christianity. The rapid decline of the native American population led to the importation of African slaves and widespread plantation slavery.

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American gold and silver poured into Europe, causing there a frantic rise in prices for all goods, the so-called price revolution. This primarily benefited the owners of factories, capitalists and merchants, since prices rose faster than wages. The “price revolution” contributed to the rapid ruin of artisans and handicraftsmen; in the village, the nobles and wealthy peasants who sold food at the market benefited most from it. All this contributed to the accumulation of capital. As a result of the Great Geographical Discoveries, Europe's connections with Africa and Asia expanded, and relations with America were established. The center of world trade and economic life moved from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean.

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1. Magidovich I.P. History of the discovery and exploration of Central and South America. – M.: Geographgiz, 2. Magidovich I.P. History of the discovery and exploration of North America. – M.: Mysl, 1997. 3. Magidovich I.P., Magidovich V.I. Essays on the history of geographical discoveries. – M.: Education, 1983. 4. Shumovsky T.A. Arabs at sea. – M.: Science 5. Zweig S. The Feat of Magellan. – M.: Mysl, 1983. 6. Mitchell M. El Cano. The first circumnavigator 7. Encyclopedia for schoolchildren. – M.: Education, 2008

Geographical discoveries of antiquity

• People have always traveled. Many, many thousands of years ago, ancient hunters set out to find hunting grounds. Ancient pastoralists, together with their herds, went on multi-day hikes in search of fresh pastures. People explored new lands, crossed deserts and climbed mountains, and sailed across seas and even oceans in light boats.

• Time passed and people learned to write. Then the travelers began to write down where they had been and what they had seen. The first traveler whose name we know was an Egyptian Hannah. On a ship he sailed along the Red Sea to the south, to the country Punt, and returned to Egypt with a cargo of incense and precious stones. The story of Hannu's voyage was carved on a rock.

King and queen

Punt countries

The Phoenicians who lived on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea were remarkable travelers. In the ancient world they were the most skilled sailors. The Phoenicians were the first to circumnavigate Africa in ships. They traveled for three years. In the fall they landed on the shore, sowed wheat, harvested the crops and set off again. The story of this was recorded by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus.

In the north of Europe, in Scandinavia, lived the harsh Vikings. They built good ships and sailed them far out to sea in search of new lands and prey. Viking ships skirted Europe, they discovered Iceland, and in X century reached North America and founded the first settlements. Then this way was forgotten, and five centuries later Columbus I had to rediscover America.

Drakkar - Viking ship. The bow of the ship was decorated with a carved image of a dragon.

India Europe has always seemed like a fabulous country full of wonders and treasures to the inhabitants of Europe. It was famous for its spices and incense. The Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias circumnavigated the southernmost tip of Africa in 1487 and named it the Cape of Storms.

Bartolomeu Dias

The sea route to India around Africa was paved Vasco da Gama . His expedition was carefully prepared: four fast ships, the best navigational instruments and experienced sailors.

Having rounded the Cape of Good Hope, the expedition headed north along the coast of Africa. Nine months after the start of the voyage, on a May day 1498 , the ships arrived in Indian Calicut city .

The local ruler, who lived in a luxurious palace, did not like the modest gifts of the Portuguese, but he listened with curiosity to the stories of bearded strangers about distant countries.

Navigation instruments, including astrolabe - an instrument for measuring the height of stars above the horizon.

• Christopher Columbus was born in 1451

year in the Italian city of Genoa.

• From the age of 14, he swam as a youngster, studied

navigation, geography,

mathematics.

• Summer of 1492 – caravels

"Santa Maria", "Pinta", "Nina"

left the Spanish port of Palos.

• Two months later we moored to

small island

declared it their possession

Spanish king.

• Until his death, Columbus was sure

that he had found his way to India.

• Italian traveler

Amerigo Vespucci - a new continent

named after him.

• Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovered

what is beyond the American continent

the sea extends.

Ferdinand Magellan decided to get to him.

• In September 1519, at the head of a flotilla of five small ships, Magellan left the port of Seville and headed for Brazil. Sailing south along the coast of South America, Magellan found a narrow and winding strait through which his ships entered the ocean. This Strait was later called the Strait of Magellan.

• IN XVII century, the Dutch came to the expanses of the Pacific Ocean.
• A large island - New Guinea - and part of the northern coast of Australia were discovered.
• In 1642, Captain Abel Tasman discovered a large island south of Australia, later named Tasmania and New Zealand in his honor.

• In 1648, Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev opened the strait between Asia and America, passing from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific.
• In 1740, Captain-Commander Vitus Bering repeated Dezhnev’s path, reaching North America and discovering a number of islands in the Aleutian chain.

English

navigator

James Cook

decades

confirmed

map accuracy,

compiled by Bering.

Cook completed three trips around the world

trips.

• Proved that New Zealand is

two islands, not one.

• Studied the Great Barrier Reef.

• He brought hundreds of new islands to the map of the Pacific Ocean.
• In the south he discovered the Hawaiian Islands,

died here tragically.

• The presence of a continent in the area of ​​the South Pole was suspected back in ancient times. Abel Tasman and James Cook were also looking for him.
• Found by Russian sailors - Fadey Fadeevich Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev.
• In 1819, an expedition under their command on two boats - “Vostok” and “Mirny” - set off from Kronstadt.
• The goal of the expedition was achieved. The sailors saw a mountainous coast. Thus, a new continent was discovered, covered with eternal ice.
• Man first set foot on Antarctica only in 1895.
• Nowadays there are scientific research stations in 24 countries.

• Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen in 1893 on the ship Fram. 500 kilometers before the pole, the ship got stuck in the ice, the traveler returned on foot.
• American Robert Edwin Peary reached the Pole on a reindeer sled

• The Norwegian Roald Amundsen set off to the South Pole in 1911 using Eskimo sled dogs and a light sleigh dressed in fur and reached it on December 14th.
• The English officer Robert Falcon Scott, riding small pony horses in wool and canvas clothes, also went to the South Pole and arrived a month later.

• On the way back the British died.

Place the correct signatures under the portraits of the great Russian travelers:

• Bellingshausen Fadey Fadeevich
• Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich
• Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich

Ivanovich

Petrovich

Bellingshausen

Fadeevich

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One of the first geographical maps was compiled by the ancient Greek scientist Hecataeus in the 6th-5th centuries. BC. the map looked completely different than it does now. How different it is from modern cards!!!

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The Great Geographical Discoveries are a period in human history that began in the 15th century and lasted until the 17th century, during which Europeans discovered new lands and sea routes to Africa, America, Asia and Oceania in search of new trading partners and sources of goods that were in great demand in Europe. Historians generally associate the "Great Discovery" with the pioneering long sea voyages of Portuguese and Spanish explorers in search of alternative trade routes to the "Indies" for gold, silver and spices.

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Discovery of America by Columbus in 1492. Christopher Columbus assembled his first expedition from three ships - the Santa Maria, the caravels Pinta and Niña. 87 expedition personnel. The flotilla left Palos on August 3, 1492, turned west from the Canary Islands, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, opening the Sargasso Sea and reached an island in the Bahamas archipelago (Pinta sailor Rodrigo de Triana was the first to see American soil on October 12, 1492). Columbus landed on the shore, which the locals call Guanahani, planted a banner on it, declared the open land the property of the Spanish king and formally took possession of the island. He named the island San Salvador. October 12 is considered the official date of the discovery of America.

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Christopher Columbus first landed on the shores of the New World: in San Salvador, Wisconsin, October 12, 1492.

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Columbus returned to Castile on the Niña on March 15, 1493. From America, Columbus brought seven captive American natives, who in Europe were called Indians, as well as some gold and plants and fruits never seen before in the Old World, including the annual plant corn (in Haiti it is called maize), tomatoes, peppers, tobacco (“ dry leaves, which were especially valued by the locals"), pineapples, cocoa and potatoes (due to its beautiful pink and white flowers).

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Second expedition, 1493-1496. The Queen ordered the conversion of the Aborigines to the Christian faith. Columbus easily found 1,200 people who agreed to go with him as future settlers. A flotilla of 17 ships set sail from Cadiz along the Atlantic. On November 3, they landed on an island in the Caribbean, which Columbus named Dominica. From there he sailed along the Lesser Antilles and Virgin Islands, passing Puerto Rico, to Hispaniola. To the great surprise of those who arrived, it turned out that all 39 people left in Navidad in January had died, mainly as a result of skirmishes with the natives. Despite this, Columbus founded a new settlement, naming it La Isabela in honor of the Queen of Spain. Unfortunately, the place for the settlement was poorly chosen: there was no fresh water nearby, and because of this it was subsequently abandoned. In addition to searching for gold and determining the location of the ports of the Great Khanate of China, Columbus was engaged in the slave trade. He and his men, armed with arquebuses, along with horses (first brought to America during this journey) and war dogs, marched through Hispaniola, bartering for gold, and if they met resistance, they took the gold by force and captured prisoners.

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In total, Columbus made 4 voyages to America: The first voyage (August 3, 1492 - March 15, 1493). Second voyage (September 25, 1493 - June 11, 1496). Third voyage (May 30, 1498 - November 25, 1500). Fourth voyage (9 May 1502 - November 1504).

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The great navigator spent the last years of his life in oblivion. On May 20, 1506, Columbus died, a poor, sick man, still believing that the land he had discovered was India. In 1517, the Spaniards reached the territory of modern Mexico, the Yucatan Peninsula, and began to rapidly conquer the lands of continental America. Without in any way casting doubt on the great achievement of Christopher Columbus, it is nevertheless worth noting that formally he only discovered islands off the coast of Central America. As for continental America, Columbus visited it only on his third trip, and he had never been to North America at all.

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Christopher Columbus is undoubtedly one of those people whose deeds had a huge impact on the history of all mankind.

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In 1501, Vespucci went to South America as part of a Portuguese expedition. The traveler reached the coast of Brazil and followed it far to the south, discovering the Rio de La Plata (now La Plata). As a result of these and other travels, Vespucci came to the conclusion that the unknown huge land mass was not part of Asia, but represented a new continent.

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So why was the new continent named America? It's all about letters to noble friends, in which Vespucci described his travels and geographical discoveries. And Vespucci's friends tried to spread information about his travels. The inquisitive public greeted these first reports of the New World with great interest. But Columbus did not widely disseminate information about his travels. In addition, Columbus, in his four expeditions, explored only a small part of Central America and considered it the eastern edge of Asia. And Vespucci - the central and most of the coast of South America. In 1507, cartographer Waldseemüller attributed Columbus's discovery of a new continent to Vespucci and named it America.

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It is said about the discovery of the New World: “Amerigo Vespucci, truly speaking, notified humanity more widely about this.” Therefore, they proposed to name the open land “after the name of the wise man who discovered it.” Quite fantastic contours of the New World were drawn on the world map with the inscription: “America”. The sound of this word turned out to be attractive to many people.

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Back in the Middle Ages, there were stories that there was a huge continent in the Southern Hemisphere. But no one saw him. People wanted to know what it looked like and what its inhabitants were like. They called it “the unknown southern land” or “terra australius incognita.”

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In 1642, the Danes sent Captain Abel Tasman to explore what lay east of the continent. He discovered the island now called Tasmania, as well as New Holland. After some time, he explored the northern coast of Australia.

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In 1768, the English government organized an expedition to conduct geographical and astronomical research in the Pacific Ocean. This expedition, led by Captain James Cook, reached the east coast of Australia in 1770. It followed the coast north for a distance of 1670 km from what is now eastern Victoria to the Torres Strait. Cook named this land New South Wales and declared it a possession of England. James Cook

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The colonization of Australia by the British practically began 18 years after James Cook visited it. In January 1788, a sea transport arrived from England on the east coast of Australia, bringing several hundred convicts. A city was founded here, named Sydney - in honor of the then British Minister of Foreign Affairs. The British government, after the loss of the North American colonies, decided to choose Australia as a place of exile for criminals. For half a century, ships with convicts were regularly sent there. There were very few free settlers in the country. Only the discovery of gold deposits in the middle of the 19th century caused a significant influx of gold. This is how Australia was discovered.

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The arrival of Europeans in Australia was disastrous for the Aborigines. The aborigines were pushed away from water sources and hunting grounds, especially in the most attractive and favorable areas for life in the south and east of the mainland. Many of the Aborigines died of hunger and thirst or were killed in clashes with white settlers. Many died from diseases brought by Europeans to which they had no immunity. The native population was used as cheap labor in the cattle ranches of white settlers in the interior of the country.

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Antarctica (Greek ἀνταρκτικός - the opposite of the Arctic) is a continent located in the very south of the Earth, the center of Antarctica approximately coincides with the southern geographic pole. Antarctica is washed by the waters of the Southern Ocean. The area of ​​the continent is about 14,107,000 km² (of which ice shelves - 930,000 km², islands - 75,500 km²). Antarctica is also called the part of the world consisting of the mainland of Antarctica and adjacent islands.

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“On the edge of our planet lies, like a sleeping princess, a land clad in blue. Ominous and beautiful, she lies in her frosty slumber, in the folds of the mantle of snow, glowing with amethysts and emeralds of ice. It sleeps in the shimmering icy halos of the Moon and the Sun, and its horizons are painted with pink, blue, gold and green pastel tones... This is Antarctica - a continent almost equal in area to South America, the interior of which is actually known to us less than the illuminated side of the Moon " This is what the American Antarctic explorer Richard Byrd wrote in 1947. At that time, scientists had just begun the systematic study of the sixth continent - the most mysterious and harsh region of the globe.

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The ancient Greeks were the first to come up with the idea of ​​Antarctica. They knew about the Arctic - Arktos - an icy region in the Northern Hemisphere. And they decided that in order to balance the world, there should be a similar cold area in the Southern Hemisphere, which would be the same, but the opposite "Ant - Arktos" - opposite the Arctic. They had never sailed there, it was just a miracle to guess! There is also a version that Antarctica is the opposite of the star Arcturus - the brightest star in the sky, or the opposite of the once flourishing land of Arctida, which, like Atlantis, disappeared without a trace

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Prerequisites for the Great Geographical Discoveries

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