Outstanding scientists who contributed to the development of computer science. Presentation on computer science on the topic "great computer scientists." Presentation on the topic: Outstanding scientists who have made a significant contribution to the development and establishment of computer science

Wilhelm Schickard

(1592 - 1635)

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

(1646-1716)

Leibniz, sometimes called the last universal genius, invented at least two things that are important to the modern world: calculus and bit-based binary arithmetic.

Modern physics, mathematics, engineering would be unthinkable without the former: a fundamental method of working with infinitesimal numbers. Leibniz was the first to publish it. He developed it around 1673. In 1679, he perfected the notation for integration and differentiation that is still used today.

Binary arithmetic based on the dual system was invented around 1679, and published in 1701. This became the basis of almost all modern computers.

Charles Babbage

Lovelace Augusta Ada

A.Lovelace developed the first programs for the Bubbage Analytical Engine, thereby laying the theoretical foundations of programming. She first introduced the concept of the operation cycle. In one of the notes, she expressed the main idea that the analytical engine can solve problems that, due to the difficulty of calculations, are almost impossible to solve manually. Thus, for the first time, a machine was considered not only as a mechanism that replaces a person, but also as a device capable of performing work beyond human capabilities. Although the Bubbage Analytical Engine was not built and Lovelace’s programs were never debugged and did not work, a number of general provisions expressed by her retained their fundamental importance for modern programming. Nowadays, A. Lovelace is rightfully called the first programmer in the world.

Kurt Gödel

(1906-1978)

In 1931, just a few years after Julius Lilienfeld patented the transistor, Kurt Gödel (or "Goedel" rather than "Godel") laid outfundamentals of theoretical computer sciencewith his work on universal formal languages ​​and limits on proof and computation. It constructs formal systems that allow self-referential statements that speak about themselves, in particular about whether they can be obtained from an enumerable given set of axioms using a computational theorem-proving procedure. Gödel went further to construct accounts that claim their own unprovability to demonstrate that traditional mathematics is either flawed in a certain algorithmic sense or contains unprovable but true statements.

Gödel's incompleteness result is widely regarded as the most remarkable achievement of 20th century mathematics, although some mathematicians say it is logic rather than mathematics, and others call it a fundamental result of theoretical computer science (reformulated by Church & Post & Turing around 1936), a discipline that did not yet officially exist back then, but was actually created through Gödel's work. He had enormous influence not only in computer science, but also in philosophy and other fields.

American mathematician, member of the US National Academy of Sciences (1937). In 1926 he graduated from the University of Budapest. From 1927 he taught at the University of Berlin, from 1930-33 - at Princeton University (USA), from 1933 professor at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. Since 1940, he has been a consultant to various army and naval institutions (N. took part, in particular, in the work on creating the first atomic bomb). Since 1954 member of the Atomic Energy Commission.
The main scientific works are devoted to functional analysis and its applications to issues of classical and quantum mechanics. N. also carried out research on mathematical logic and the theory of topological groups. In the last years of his life he was mainly involved in developing issues related to game theory, automata theory; made a great contribution to the creation of the first computers and the development of methods for their use. He is best known as the person whose name is associated with the architecture of most modern computers (the so-called von Neumann architecture)

1935-1938 : Konrad Zuse builds the Z1, the world's first software-controlled computer. Despite a number of mechanical engineering problems, it had all the basic components of modern machine tools, using the binary number system and today the standard separation of storage and control. Zuse's 1936 patent application (Z23139/GMD Nr. 005/021) also evidenced the von Neumann architecture (reinvented in 1945) with programs and data modified during storage.

1941 : Zuse completes the Z3, the world's first fully functional programmable from a computer.

1945 : Zuse describes Plankalkuel, the world's first high-level programming language that contains many of the standard features of modern programming languages. FORTRAN came almost ten years later. Zuse also used Plankalkuel to design the world's first chess program.

1946 : Zuse founds the world's first computer startup company: Zuse-Ingenieurbüro Hopferau. Venture capital raised through ETH Zürich and IBM-option on Zuse patents.

In addition to general-purpose computers, Zuse built several specialized computers. Thus, calculators S1 and S2 were used to determine the exact dimensions of parts in aircraft technology. The S2 machine, in addition to the computer, also included measuring devices for performing aircraft measurements. The L1 computer, which remained in experimental form, was intended by Zuse to solve logical problems.

1967 : Zuse KG supplied 251 computers, worth approximately DM 100 million.

Kemeny John (Janos)

Mathematician, professor at Dartmouth College (USA). With Thomas Kurtz developed the BASIC programming language and a network system for using several computers simultaneously (“time sharing”). He emigrated to the United States from Hungary in 1940 with his parents. He graduated from Princeton University, where he studied mathematics and philosophy. In 1949 he defended his dissertation, and in 1953 he was invited to Dartmouth. Being the dean of the Mathematics Department at Dartmouth College from 1955 to 1967 and even while serving as president of the college (1970-1981), he did not give up teaching. He was one of the pioneers of teaching the basics of programming: he believed that this subject should be available to all students, regardless of their specialization.

An outstanding specialist in the field of theoretical programming, author of a number of books, including the classic monograph “The Discipline of Programming.” All of his scientific activity was devoted to the development of methods for creating “correct” programs, the correctness of which can be proven by formal methods. Being one of the authors structured programming concepts, Dijkstra preached against using the GOTO statement. In 1972, his scientific achievements were awarded the Turing Award. When presenting the prize, one of the speakers described Dijkstra's work as follows: "He is an example of a scientist who programs without touching a computer, and does everything possible to ensure that his students do the same and present computer science as a branch of mathematics."

Ershov Andrey Petrovich
(April 19, 1931 – December 8, 1988)

American inventor Douglas Engelbart from the Stanford Research Institute presented world's first computer mouse in 1968 on December 9.
Douglas Engelbart's invention was a wooden cube on wheels with one button. The computer mouse owes its name to the wire - it reminded the inventor of the tail of a real mouse.
Later, Xerox became interested in Engelbart's idea. Its researchers changed the design of the mouse, and it became similar to the modern one. In the early 1970s, Xerox first introduced the mouse as part of the personal computer. It had three buttons, a ball and rollers instead of disks, and cost $400!
Today there are two types of computer mice: mechanical and optical. The latter are devoid of mechanical elements, and optical sensors are used to track the movement of the manipulator relative to the surface. The latest innovation in technology is wireless mice.

Niklaus Wirth
(February 15, 1934) Swiss engineer and researcher in the world of programming. Author and one of the developers Pascal programming language. N. Wirth was one of the first to introduce into practice the principle of step-by-step refinement as key to the systematic creation of programs. In addition to Pascal, he created other algorithmic languages ​​(including Modula-2 and Oberon). They are not well known to "production" programmers, but are widely used for theoretical research in the field of programming. Wirth is one of the world's most respected computer scientists; his book Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs is considered one of the classic textbooks on structured programming.

Bill Gates

Paul Allen

American entrepreneur, co-founder of Microsoft Corporation, which he founded with his school friend Bill Gates in 1975.

In 1975, Allen and Gates used the name "Micro-Soft" for the first time. In the source code of the BASIC language interpreter, created by them at the request of MITS.

In the joint business, Paul Allen was involved in technical ideas and promising developments; Gates was closer to negotiations, contracts and other business communications. And yet, the friends resolved the main issues together - sometimes, as Gates later admitted, the arguments continued for 6-8 hours in a row. For the joint brainchild of Allen and Gates, the finest hour came in 1980. It was then that IBM turned to the not very large and not yet very well-known company Microsoft with a proposal to adapt several programming languages ​​for their use on the IBM PC personal computer, which was supposed to appear on the market in 1981. During the negotiations, it turned out that IBM representatives would not mind finding a contractor who would contract to develop an operating system for the new computer. The partners took on this work. However, Allen and Gates did not develop a new operating system. They knew that Tim Paterson, who worked at Seattle Compute Products, had already developed Q-DOS (Quick Disk Operating System) for 16-bit Intel processors. The trick was that during negotiations for the acquisition of Q-DOS, it was under no circumstances to make it clear to the sellers that Allen and Gates already had a buyer for this system. Gates, as the main negotiator, had to work hard on this, but the combination worked brilliantly. True, the system had to be redesigned, because it had to work on 8-bit processors. In an effort to meet the deadline, they worked almost around the clock and, according to Allen himself, there was a day when he and Bill, without stopping, sat at the computer for 36 hours straight. For PC-DOS, the acquisition of which cost several tens of thousands of dollars, IBM immediately paid 6 thousand dollars, and, according to the terms of the agreement signed by the parties, IBM undertook to sell computers only with PC-DOS, while paying interest to Microsoft from each unit of equipment sold.

Until 1991 he worked at the multidisciplinary research institute of the USSR Ministry of Defense. He began studying the phenomenon of computer viruses in October 1989, when the Cascade virus was discovered on his computer. From 1991 to 1997 he worked at the Scientific and Technical Center "KAMI", where, together with a group of like-minded people, he developed anti-virus project "AVP" (now - "Kaspersky Anti-Virus""). In 1997, Evgeny Kaspersky became one of the founders Kaspersky Lab.
Today, Evgeny Kaspersky is one of the world's leading experts in the field of virus protection. He is the author of a large number of articles and reviews on the problem of computer virology, and regularly speaks at specialized seminars and conferences in Russia and abroad. Evgeny Valentinovich Kaspersky is a member of the Computer Virus Research Organization (CARO), which brings together experts in this field.
Among the most significant and interesting achievements of Evgeniy Valentinovich and the “Laboratory” he heads in 2001 is the opening of the annual Virus Bulletin conference - the central event in the antivirus industry, as well as the successful counteraction to all global viral epidemics that occurred in 2001.

Evgeniy Roshal graduated from the Instrument Engineering Faculty of the Chelyabinsk Polytechnic Institute with a degree in Computers, Complexes, Systems and Networks.

In the fall of 1993, he released the first public version of the RAR 1.3 archiver, and in the fall of 1996, FAR Manager. Later, with the growing popularity of Microsoft Windows, it released an archiver for Windows, WinRAR. The name RAR stands for Roshal ARchiver.

Sergey Brin

Sergei Mikhailovich Brin was born in Moscow into a Jewish family of mathematicians who moved to the United States permanently in 1979, when he was 6 years old.
In 1993, he entered Stanford University in California, where he received a master's degree and began working on his dissertation. Already during his studies, he became interested in Internet technologies and search engines, became the author of several studies on the topic of extracting information from large arrays of text and scientific data, and wrote a program for processing scientific texts.
In 1995, at Stanford University, Sergei Brin met another mathematics graduate student, Larry Page, with whom they founded Google in 1998. Initially, they argued fiercely when discussing any scientific topic, but then they became friends and teamed up to create a search engine for their campus. Together they wrote a scientific paper, “The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine,” which is believed to contain the prototype of their future super-successful idea.
Brin and Page proved the validity of their idea on the university search engine google.stanford.edu, developing its mechanism in accordance with new principles. On September 14, 1997, the domain google.com was registered. Attempts followed to develop the idea and turn it into a business. Over time, the project left the university and managed to collect investments for further development.
The joint business grew, made profits, and even demonstrated enviable stability during the dot-com crash, when hundreds of other companies went bankrupt. In 2004, the founders were named in Forbes magazine's list of billionaires.

Andrew Tanenbaum

Linus Torvalds
(December 28, 1969)
Creator of a world-famous operating system. In early 1991, he began writing his own platform, aimed at the average consumer, which could be distributed free of charge via the Internet. The new system acquired the name Linux, derived from a combination of the name of its creator with the name UNIX. Over the course of ten years, Linux has become a real competitor to products produced by Microsoft, capable of supplanting the monopoly of this company in the system and server software market.
Thousands of “interested programmers,” hackers, and computer network specialists happily took up Linus’s idea and began to write, complete, and debug what Torvalds proposed to them. In almost ten years, Linux has gone from being a toy for several hundred fans and enthusiasts, executing a couple of dozen commands in a primitive console, to a professional multi-user and multitasking 32-bit operating system with a windowed graphical interface, which is many times superior to Microsoft Windows in terms of its range of capabilities, stability and power. 95, 98 and NT and can run on almost any modern IBM-compatible computer.
Today, Linux is a powerful UNIX-like platform that includes almost all functions and a whole range of its own properties not found anywhere else. Thanks to its high performance and reliability, it has become one of the most popular platforms for organizing http servers.

Bjarne Stroustrup, Bjarne Stroustrup

(June 11, 1950 (according to other sources, December 30), Aarhus, Denmark)
Author of the C++ programming language.
He graduated from Aarhus University (Denmark, 1975) in mathematics and computer science, and defended his Ph. D. thesis in computer science at Cambridge (1979).
Until 2002, he headed the research department in the field of large-scale programming at AT&T (Computer Science Research Center of Bell Telephone Laboratories). Now a professor at Texas A&M University.
Björn was born and raised in Aarhus, the second largest city in Denmark. He entered a state university to study computer science. After graduating, he received a master's degree.
Björn Stroustrup received his PhD while working on distributed system design at the Computer Laboratory of the University of Cambridge (England).

If you don't go beyond the boundaries of "object-oriented" methods,

to stay within the bounds of "good programming"

and design”, then the end result is sure to be something that

is basically meaningless.

Stroustrup Björn

Any fool can write a program that he can understand

compiler. Good programmers write programs

that other programmers can understand.

Fowler Martin

(February 24, 1954, Detroit)
American developer computer games. Graduate of Michigan State University. In 2002, his name was inscribed in the Computer Museum of America's Hall of Fame.
In 1991, MicroProse began selling a game encyclopedia of historically recognizable Civilization images. In 1993, a large vertically integrated company, Spectrum HoloByte, Inc. is making efforts to take over MicroProse.
After the legal proceedings were completed by 1994, Meyer and the company's new CEO, Louis Gilman Louie, had some differences regarding where, how and why to develop their joint gaming business.

"The game is a sequence

interesting elections"

Donald Erwin Knuth
(January 10, 1938)
American scientist, honorary professor at Stanford University and several other universities in different countries, foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, teacher and ideologist of programming, author of 19 monographs (including a number of classic books on programming) and more than 160 articles, developer of several well-known software technologies.
The author of a world-famous series of books devoted to basic algorithms and methods of computational mathematics, as well as the creator of desktop publishing systems TEX and METAFONT, designed for typing and layout of books on technical topics (primarily physics and mathematics).
The work of Andrei Petrovich Ershov, later his friend, had a greater influence on young Donald Knuth.
Professor Knuth has received numerous prizes and awards in the field of programming and computational mathematics, including the Turing Award (1974), the US National Medal of Science (1979) and the AMS Steele Prize for a series of popular science articles, the Harvey Prize (1995), the Kyoto Prize ( 1996) for achievements in the field of advanced technology, the Grace Murray Hopper Award (1971).
At the end of February 2009, Knuth was ranked 20th on the list of most cited authors in the CiteSeer project.

The best way to fully understand something is Japanese free software developer and programming language creator Ruby
Online In Japan Inc., he said that he taught himself to program even before leaving school. HeGraduated from the University of Tsukuba, where he researched programming languages ​​and compilers.
Since 2006, he has headed the research and development department of Network Applied Communication Laboratory, a Japanese system integrator of free software.
Born in 1965 in Osaka Prefecture, but at the age of four he moved to Yonago City, Tottori Prefecture, so he is often introduced as a native of Yonago. Currently lives in Matsue City, Shimane Prefecture.
Yukihiro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and is involved in missionary work. He is married and has four children.

I want the computer to be my servant

and not the master, so I must be able to

quickly and efficiently explain to him what to do.

Matsumoto Yukihiro

Steve Jobs

(February 24, 1955, San Francisco, California - October 5, 2011, Palo Alto, Santa Clara, California)

American entrepreneur, widely recognized as a pioneer of the IT era. One of the founders, chairman of the board of directors and CEO of Apple Corporation . One of the founders and CEO of the Pixar film studio.
In the late 1970s, Steve and his friend Steve Wozniak developed one of the first personal computers, which had great commercial potential. Computer Apple II became the first mass product of Apple, created on the initiative of Steve Jobs. Jobs later saw the commercial potential of a mouse-driven graphical interface, leading to the Apple Lisa computers and, a year later, Macintosh (Mac).
After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT - a company that developed a computer platform for universities and businesses. In 1986, he acquired Lucasfilm's computer graphics division, turning it into Pixar Studios. He remained Pixar's CEO and major shareholder until the studio was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2006, making Jobs the largest individual shareholder and member of Disney's board of directors.
Difficulties developing a new operating system for the Mac led to Apple purchasing NeXT in 1996 to use NeXTSTEP as the basis for Mac OS X. As part of the deal, Jobs was given the position of advisor to Apple. The deal was planned by Jobs. By 1997, Jobs regained control of Apple, leading the corporation. Under his leadership, the company was saved from bankruptcy and began to make a profit within a year. Over the next decade, Jobs led the developmentiMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone and iPad, as well as the developmentApple Store, iTunes Store, App Store and iBookstore. The success of these products and services, which provided several years of stable financial profits, allowed Apple to become the most valuable publicly traded company in the world in 2011. Many commentators call Apple's resurgence one of the greatest accomplishments in business history. At the same time, Jobs was criticized for his authoritarian management style, aggressive actions towards competitors, and the desire for total control over products even after they were sold to the buyer.

Jobs has received public recognition and a number of awards for his impact on the technology and music industries. He is often called a "visionary" and even the "father of the digital revolution." Jobs was a brilliant speaker and took innovative product presentations to the next level, turning them into exciting shows. His easily recognizable figure in a black turtleneck, faded jeans and sneakers is surrounded by a kind of cult.

Presentation on the topic: Outstanding scientists who have made a significant contribution to the development and establishment of computer science

1 out of 10

Presentation on the topic: Outstanding scientists who have made a significant contribution to the development and establishment of computer science

Slide no. 1

Slide description:

Slide no. 2

Slide description:

Computer science is the science of the general properties and patterns of information, as well as methods of searching, transmitting, storing, processing and using it in various fields of human activity. Computer science is the science of the general properties and patterns of information, as well as methods of searching, transmitting, storing, processing and using it in various fields of human activity.

Slide no. 3

Slide description:

Slide no. 4

Slide description:

The first computing device developed by Babbage was called the “difference engine” because it relied on a well-developed finite difference method for its calculations. The first computing device developed by Babbage was called the “difference engine” because it relied on a well-developed finite difference method for its calculations.

Slide no. 5

Slide description:

Unfortunately, Charles Babbage did not get to see most of his revolutionary ideas come to fruition. The work of a scientist has always been accompanied by several very serious problems. Until the early 1990s, the generally accepted view was that Charles Babbage's ideas were too far ahead of the technical capabilities of his time, and therefore the designed computers were, in principle, impossible to build in that era. Unfortunately, Charles Babbage did not get to see most of his revolutionary ideas come to fruition. The work of a scientist has always been accompanied by several very serious problems. Until the early 1990s, the generally accepted view was that Charles Babbage's ideas were too far ahead of the technical capabilities of his time, and therefore the designed computers were, in principle, impossible to build in that era.

Slide no. 6

Slide description:

Herman's parents were immigrants from Germany; they left their homeland in 1848. The boy was born on February 29, 1860. Nothing is known about Herman’s early years (it’s a family matter). He went to school with obvious reluctance and had a reputation among teachers as a gifted child, but ill-mannered and lazy. Herman's parents were immigrants from Germany; they left their homeland in 1848. The boy was born on February 29, 1860. Nothing is known about Herman’s early years (it’s a family matter). He went to school with obvious reluctance and had a reputation among teachers as a gifted child, but ill-mannered and lazy. When Herman was 14 years old, he left the walls of the municipal secondary educational institution forever. The young man graduated from college with honors and entered the service at Columbia University, in the mathematics department of the famous Professor Trowbridge.

Slide no. 7

Slide description:

In 1880, the idea of ​​mechanizing the work of census workers using a machine similar to a jacquard loom was born. In fact, this very idea was first expressed by Hollerith's colleague, Doctor of Natural Sciences John Shaw. In 1880, the idea of ​​mechanizing the work of census workers using a machine similar to a jacquard loom was born. In fact, this very idea was first expressed by Hollerith's colleague, Doctor of Natural Sciences John Shaw.

Slide no. 8

Slide description:

In 1882, Hollerith became a teacher of applied mechanics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Soon, a clumsy monster, assembled mainly from scrap metal found in university trash heaps, took up residence in the laboratory. In 1882, Hollerith became a teacher of applied mechanics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Soon, a clumsy monster, assembled mainly from scrap metal found in university trash heaps, took up residence in the laboratory. But Hollerith soon became disillusioned with the tape, as it quickly wore out and broke. Therefore, in the end, Hollerith chose punched cards as information carriers. A hundred years later, computer scientists again found the idea of ​​reading information from tape more promising.

Slide no. 9

Slide description:

The authorities recommended Hollerith's invention for a competition among systems considered as basic for the mechanization of the work of census takers during the upcoming census in 1890. Hollerith's machine had no equal, and therefore the creation of an industrial prototype of a punched card tabulator was hastily organized at the Pratt and Whitney design bureau. The authorities recommended Hollerith's invention for a competition among systems considered as basic for the mechanization of the work of census takers during the upcoming census in 1890. Hollerith's machine had no equal, and therefore the creation of an industrial prototype of a punched card tabulator was hastily organized at the Pratt and Whitney design bureau. The stellar period in the life of Herman

Slide no. 10

Slide description:

http://computer-museum.ru/galglory/27.htm http://computer-museum.ru/galglory/27.htm http://www.lenta.ru/lib/14190676 http://www.thg .ru/technews/20090630_112001.html Encyclopedia for children Avanta+, volume 22 Informatics, Moscow, Avanta+, 2003 D.M. Zlatopolsky “Informatics in Persons”, Moscow, Chistye Prudy, 2005. Newspaper “Informatics” No. 12 2006.

Aristotle (BC). Scientist and philosopher. He tried to answer the question: “How do we reason” and studied the rules of thinking. Subjected human thinking to comprehensive analysis. Defined the main forms of thinking: concept, judgment, inference. His treatises on logic are collected in the collection “Organon”. In the books of the Organon: Topika, Analysts, Hermeneutics, etc., the thinker develops the most important categories and laws of thinking, creates a theory of evidence, and formulates a system of deductive inferences. Deduction (from Latin deductio - inference) allows one to derive true knowledge about individual phenomena based on general patterns. Aristotle's logic is called formal logic.

Leonardo da Vinci - sculptor, artist, musician, architect, scientist and brilliant inventor. A native of Florence, he was the son of court official Piero da Vinci. His works contain drawings and drawings of the human body, flying birds, and strange machines. Leonardo invented a flying machine with bird-like wings, underwater vessels, a huge bow, a flywheel, a helicopter, and powerful cannons. His works also contain drawings of devices that perform mechanical calculations. Leonardo da Vinci ()

John Napier () In 1614, Scottish mathematician John Napier invented logarithm tables. Their principle was that each number corresponds to its own special number - a logarithm. Logarithms make division and multiplication very simple. For example, to multiply two numbers, add their logarithms. the result is found in the table of logarithms. Later he invented the slide rule

Blaise Pascal () In 1642, the French mathematician Blaise Pascal designed a calculating device to facilitate the work of his father, a tax inspector, who had to make many complex calculations. Pascal's device was only "skillful" at adding and subtracting. Father and son invested a lot of money in the creation of their device, but Pascal’s calculating device was opposed by clerks - they were afraid of losing their jobs because of it, as well as employers, who believed that it was better to hire cheap accountants than to buy an expensive machine.

Gottfried Leibniz In 1673, the outstanding German scientist Gottfried Leibniz built the first calculating machine capable of mechanically performing all four operations of arithmetic. A number of its most important mechanisms were used until the mid-20th century in some types of machines. All machines can be classified as a Leibniz machine, in particular the first computers, which performed multiplication as repeated addition, and division as repeated subtraction. The main advantage of these machines was their higher speed and accuracy of calculations than that of humans. Their creation demonstrated the fundamental possibility of mechanizing human intellectual activity. Leibniz was the first to understand the meaning and role of the binary number system in a manuscript in Latin written in March 1679. Leibniz explains how to perform calculations in the binary system, in particular multiplication, and later develops a project in general terms a computer operating in the binary number system. This is what he writes: “Calculations of this kind could be performed on a machine. Undoubtedly, this can be done very simply and without much expense in the following way: you need to make holes in the jar so that they can be opened and closed. Those that will be open will be holes that represent 1, and closed ones correspond to 0. Open holes will drop small cubes or balls into the chutes, but closed holes will not drop anything. The can will move and shift from column to column, as required by multiplication. The chutes will represent columns , and not a single ball can fall from one chute into any other until the machine starts working...". Subsequently, in numerous letters and in the treatise “Explication de l`Arithmetique Binairy” (1703), Leibniz returned again and again to binary arithmetic. Leibniz's idea of ​​using the binary number system in computing would remain forgotten for 250 years. binary system binary system binary system binary system

George Boole George Boole (). Developed the ideas of G. Leibniz. He is considered the founder of mathematical logic (Boolean algebra). Boole began his mathematical research with the development of operator methods of analysis and the theory of differential equations, then took up mathematical logic. In Boole's main works, “the mathematical analysis of logic, which is an experiment in the calculus of deductive reasoning,” and “the study of the laws of thinking in which the mathematical theories of logic and probability are based,” the foundations of mathematical logic were laid. Boole's main work is "A Study of the Laws of Thought." Boole made an attempt to construct formal logic in the form of some kind of “calculus”, “algebra”. Boole's logical ideas were further developed in subsequent years. Logical calculus, constructed in accordance with Boole's ideas, is now widely used in applications of mathematical logic to technology, in particular to the theory of relay circuits. In modern algebra there are Boolean rings, Boolean algebras, algebraic systems, in programming variables and constants of the boolean type. The Boolean space is known; in mathematical problems of control systems, Boolean spread, Boolean expansion, Boolean regular point of the kernel. In his works, logic acquired its own alphabet, its own spelling and its own grammar.

Born in Sweden. In 1866, V. T. Odner graduated from the Stockholm Institute of Technology. In 1869 he came to St. Petersburg, where he remained until the end of his life. In St. Petersburg, he first of all turned to his compatriot E. L. Nobel, who in 1862 founded the Russian Diesel plant on the Vyborg side. In 1874, the first sample of the Odhner adding machine was manufactured at this plant. “V.T. Odner, while still a very young engineer, had the opportunity to correct Thomas's calculating machine and at the same time came to the conviction that it was possible to solve the problem of mechanical calculus in a simpler and more expedient way. After much thought and much experimentation, Mr. Odner finally succeeded in 1873 in constructing a model of a calculating machine of his own design using home remedies. This device interested the commercial adviser Ludwig Nobel, who presented Mr. Odner with the opportunity to develop the idea at his factory.” So, according to Odner, the date of invention of the adding machine can be considered 1873, when an experimental model was created. V. Odner's invention - an adding machine with a gear with a variable number of teeth - played a special role in the development of computers. Its design was so perfect that adding machines of this type of Felix modification were produced from 1873 with virtually no changes for almost a hundred years. Such calculating machines greatly facilitated human work, but without his participation the machine could not count. In this case, the person was assigned the role of operator.

Charles Babbage At the beginning of the 19th century, Charles Babbage formulated the basic principles that should underlie the design of a fundamentally new type of computer: a computer. The machine must have a “warehouse” for storing digital information. (In modern computers this is a storage device.) The machine must have a device that performs operations on numbers taken from the “warehouse”. Babbage called such a device a “mill.” (In modern computers, an arithmetic device.) The machine must have a device for controlling the sequence of operations, transferring numbers from the “warehouse” to the “mill” and back, i.e. control device. The machine must have a device for entering initial data and displaying the results, i.e. input/output device. These original principles, laid down more than 150 years ago, are fully implemented in modern computers, but for the 19th century they turned out to be premature. Babbage made an attempt to create a machine of this type based on a mechanical adding machine, but its design turned out to be very expensive, and work on the production of a working machine could not be completed. From 1834 until the end of his life, Babbage worked on the design of the Analytical Engine without attempting to build it. It was not until 1906 that his son made demonstration models of some parts of the machine. If the Analytical Engine had been completed, Babbage estimated that addition and subtraction would take 2 seconds, and multiplication and division would take 1

A German scientist, orientalist and mathematician, professor at the University of Tyubin, in letters to his friend Johannes Kepler, described the design of a “counting clock” - a calculating machine with a device for setting numbers and rollers with a slider and a window for reading the result. This machine could only add and subtract (some sources say that this machine could also multiply and divide, while it facilitated the process of multiplying and dividing large numbers). But, unfortunately, not a single working model of his remains, and some researchers give the palm to the French mathematician Blaise Pascal

Norbert Wiener () Norbert Wiener completed his first fundamental work (the aforementioned Cybernetics) at the age of 54. And before that, the life of a great scientist was still full of achievements, doubts and worries. By the age of eighteen, Norbert Wiener was already listed as a Doctor of Philosophy in mathematical logic at Cornell and Harvard Universities. At the age of nineteen, Dr. Wiener was invited to the Department of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “where he served until the last days of his unremarkable life.” This, or something like this, would be how one could end a biographical article about the father of modern cybernetics. And everything said would be true, in view of the extraordinary modesty of Wiener the man, but Wiener the scientist, if he managed to hide from humanity, then he hid in the shadow of his own glory.

Konrad Zuse He began his work in 1933, and three years later he built a model of a mechanical computer that used a binary number system, a form of floating point representation of numbers, a three-address programming system and punched cards. A conditional jump was not provided during programming. Then, as an elemental base, Zuse chooses a relay, which by that time had long been used in various fields of technology. binary system In 1938, Zuse produced the Z1 model of the machine with 16 machine words, the following year - the Z2 model, and after another 2 years he built the world's first operating program-controlled computer (model Z3), which was demonstrated at the German Research and Development Institute aviation center It was a relay binary machine with a memory of 6422-bit floating point numbers: program-controlled model Z3, 7 bits for the order and 15 for the mantissa. The arithmetic block used parallel arithmetic. The team included operational and address parts. Data entry was carried out using a decimal keyboard. Digital output is provided, as well as automatic conversion of decimal numbers to binary and vice versa. The addition time of the Z3 model is 0.3 seconds. All of these vehicles were destroyed during bombing raids during the Second World War. After the war, Zuse produced the Z4 and Z5 models. Zuse created the language PLANKALKUL ("calculus of plans") in 1945, which belongs to the early forms of algorithmic languages. This language was more machine-oriented, but in some aspects related to the structure of objects, its capabilities even surpassed ALGOL, which was focused only on working with numbers.

Herman Hollerith While working on the processing of statistical data in the 80s of the last century, he created a system that automates the processing process. Hollerith first (1889) built a hand punch that was used to write digital data onto punched cards, and introduced mechanical sorting to sort these punched cards according to the location of the punches. Hollerith's data carrier, the 80-column punched card, has not undergone significant changes to this day. He built a adding machine, called a tabulator, which probed holes on punched cards, perceived them as corresponding numbers and counted them. manual puncher

Ada Lovelace Babbage's scientific ideas captivated the daughter of the famous English poet Lord Byron, Countess Ada Augusta Lovelace. At that time, such concepts as computers and programming had not yet arisen, and yet Ada Lovelace is rightfully considered the world's first programmer. The fact is that Babbage did not compose more than one complete description of the machine he invented. This was done by one of his students in an article in French. Babbage Babbage Ada Lovelace translated it into English, and not only translated it, but added her own programs through which the machine could carry out complex mathematical calculations. As a result, the original length of the article tripled, and Babbage had the opportunity to demonstrate the power of his machine. Many of the concepts introduced by Ada Lovelace in the descriptions of those first programs in the world are widely used by modern programmers. Babbage

Emil Leon Post Emil Leon Post () American mathematician and logician. He obtained a number of fundamental results in mathematical logic; one of the most commonly used definitions of the concepts of consistency and completeness of formal systems (calculi); proofs of functional completeness and deductive completeness (in the broad and narrow sense) of propositional calculus; study of systems of many-valued logic with more than 3 truth values. Post was one of the first (independent of A.M. Turing) to define the concept of an algorithm in terms of an “abstract computing machine” and formulate the main thesis of the theory of algorithms. He also provided the first (simultaneously with A.A. Markov) proofs of the algorithmic undecidability of a number of problems in mathematical logic.

John von Neumann () In 1946 The brilliant American mathematician of Hungarian origin, John von Neumann, formulated the basic concept of storing computer instructions in its own internal memory, which served as a huge impetus to the development of electronic computing technology.

Claude Shannon () American engineer and mathematician. The man who is called the father of modern theories of information and communication. While still a young engineer, he wrote the "Magna Carta" of the information age, "The Mathematical Theory of Communications" in 1948. His work has been called "the greatest work in the annals of technical thought." His pioneering intuition has been compared to the genius of Einstein. In the 40s, he designed rocket-powered flying disc, he rode and juggled a unicycle through the corridors of Bell Labs. And he once said: “I have always followed my interests, without thinking about how much they would cost me or their value to me.” peace. I wasted a lot of time on completely useless things." During the war, he was involved in the development of cryptographic systems, and this later helped him discover error-correcting coding methods. And in his free time, he began to develop ideas that later resulted in information theory. Shannon's original goal was to improve the transmission of information over a telegraph or telephone channel affected by electrical noise. He quickly came to the conclusion that the best solution to the problem was to package information more efficiently.

Edsger Vibe Dijkstra Edsger Vibe Dijkstra () is an outstanding Dutch scientist whose ideas had a huge influence on the development of the computer industry. Dijkstra became famous for his work in the application of mathematical logic in the development of computer programs. He actively participated in the development of the Algol programming language and wrote the first Algol-60 compiler. Being one of the authors of the concept of structured programming, he preached the refusal to use the GOTO instruction. He also came up with the idea of ​​​​using “semaphores” to synchronize processes in multitasking systems and an algorithm for finding the shortest path on a directed graph with non-negative edge weights, known as Dijkstra’s Algorithm. In 1972, Dijkstra received the Turing Award. Dijkstra was an active writer, his pen (he preferred the fountain pen to the keyboard) owns many books and articles, the most famous of which are the books “Programming Discipline” and “Notes on Structured Programming”, and the article “On the dangers of the GOTO operator” Dijkstra also gained considerable fame outside of academic circles thanks to his sharp and aphoristic statements on current issues in the computer industry. aphoristic statements

Tim Bernes-Lee was born on June 8, 1955. Tim Bernes-Lee is the man who revolutionized the concept of the World Wide Web, the creator of the World Wide Web and the hypertext system. In 1989, a graduate of Oxford University and an employee of the European Center for Nuclear Research in Geneva (CERN), Bernes-Lee developed the hypertext markup language for Web pages HTML, giving users the ability to view documents on remote computers. In 1990, Tim invented the first primitive browser, and his computer, naturally, is considered the first Web server. Bernes-Lee did not patent his fateful discoveries, which is, in general, not uncommon in the greedy world (remember, for example, Douglas Engelbart and his legendary mouse). In the book Weaving the Web, he admitted that at the right time he simply did not make money from his own inventions, considering (oddly enough) the idea risky. “A place in the sun” was immediately occupied by the world giants Microsoft and Netscape. In 1994, Bernes-Lee headed the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which he created, developing Internet standards. Today Bernes-Lee holds a professorship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), while remaining a British subject. It cannot be said that his name is known to a wide range of users, however, Bernes-Lee has more than once received honorary prizes and awards for the development of web technologies. In 2002, Bernes-Lee received the Prince of Asturias Award for Engineering Research, and Time magazine named him one of the twenty outstanding thinkers of the 20th century. On New Year's Eve 2004, Tim Bernes-Lee was awarded the title of Knight of the British Empire (a title awarded personally by Queen Elizabeth II), and on April 15 of this year, at a ceremony in Espoo (Finland), the Finnish Technology Award Foundation presented " to the founding father of WWW" 1 million euros - the largest reward for a great discovery

Gordon Moore Gordon Moore was born in San Francisco (USA) on January 3, 1929. Together with Robert Noyce, Moore founded Intel in 1968 and served as executive vice president of the corporation for the next seven years. Gordon Moore received a bachelor's degree in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley and a graduate degree in chemistry and physics from the California Institute of Technology. G. Moore is a director of Gilead Sciences Inc., a member of the National Academy of Engineering Sciences, and a fellow of the IEEE. Moore is also a member of the California Institute of Technology's board of trustees. In 1975, he became president and CEO of Intel and held both positions until 1979, when the position of president was changed to chairman of the board of directors. Dr. Moore worked as CEO of Intel Corporation until 1987, and as Chairman of the Board of Directors until 1997, when he was awarded the title of Honorary Chairman of the Board of Directors. Today, Gordon Moore remains the honorary chairman of the board of directors of Intel Corporation and lives in Hawaii.

Dennis Ritchie Dennis Ritchie was born on September 9, 1941 in the USA. While studying at Harvard University, Ritchie was particularly interested in physics and applied mathematics. In 1968, he defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic “Subrecursive hierarchies of functions.” But he did not strive to be an expert in the theory of algorithms; he was much more interested in procedural programming languages. D. Ritchie came to Bell Labs in 1967 following his father, who had long since connected his career with this company. Ritchie was the first user of a Unix system on the PDP-11. In 1970, he helped Ken Thompson port it to the new PDP-11 machine. During this period, Ritchie developed and wrote a compiler for the C programming language. The C language is the foundation of the portability of the UNIX operating system. The most important technical solution that was added to the UNIX operating system by Denn Ritchie was the development of a mechanism for communication flows and the interconnection of devices, protocols and applications.

Perhaps we can say that Bill Gates and Paul Allen had the gift of foresight when they created their company in 1975. However, it is unlikely that they could even dream about the results of their step, since then no one could foresee the brilliant future of personal computers in general. In fact, Gates and Allen were simply doing what they loved. Isn't it amazing: at 21, Bill Gates graduated from Harvard and launched Microsoft. And at 41, he beat out many competitors and amassed a fortune of $23.9 billion. In 1996, when Microsoft's stock rose 88%, he was making $30 million a day! Today, Microsoft is not just the leading company in the global computer market. Its activities today influence the entire development of human civilization, and the history of its development is the most impressive commercial takeoff of the twentieth century.

Andrey Andreevich Markov Andrey Andreevich Markov (junior) () mathematician, corresponding member. USSR Academy of Sciences, son of an outstanding mathematician, specialist in probability theory, also Andrey Andreevich Markov (senior). Main works on topology, topological algebra, theory of dynamical systems, theory of algorithms and constructive mathematics. He proved the unsolvability of the homeomorphism problem in topology, created a school of constructive mathematics and logic in the USSR, and author of the concept of a normal algorithm. From 1959 until the end of his life, Andrei Andreevich headed the department of mathematical logic at Moscow State University. He worked in many fields (plasticity theory, applied geophysics, celestial mechanics, topology, etc.), but made the greatest contribution to mathematical logic (in particular, he founded the constructive direction in mathematics), the theory of complexity of algorithms and cybernetics. He created a large mathematical school, his students now work in many countries. He wrote poems that were not published during his lifetime.poems

Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov The breadth of Kolmogorov's scientific interests and scientific activities has few, if any, precedents in the 20th century. Their spectrum extends from meteorology to poetry. In Van Heijenoort’s famous anthology “From Frege to Gödel,” dedicated to mathematical logic, one can find an English translation of an article by twenty-two-year-old Kolmogorov, which the author of the anthology described as “the first systematic study of intuitionistic logic.” The article was the first Russian article on logic containing actual mathematical results. Kolmogorov laid the foundations of the theory of operations on sets. He played a significant role in transforming Shannon’s information theory into a rigorous mathematical science, as well as building information theory on a fundamentally different foundation from Shannon’s. He is one of the founders of the theory of dynamic systems; he is responsible for the definition of the general concept of an algorithm. In mathematical logic, he made an outstanding contribution to the theory of proofs, to the theory of dynamical systems, to the development of the so-called ergodic theory, where he quite unexpectedly managed to introduce and successfully apply the ideas of information theory.

Anatoly Alekseevich Dorodnitsyn Anatoly Alekseevich Dorodnitsyn () is widely known for his outstanding scientific works in mathematics, aerodynamics and meteorology, which played a decisive role in the creation of computational fluid dynamics. Much about him was determined by natural talent and extraordinary hard work, personal inclinations, devotion to science and love for calculations, which he performed independently until the end of his life. If all this allows us to guess the origins of the formation of the scientist’s personality, then the basis for the breadth of the topics of his scientific research remains a mystery. A. A. Dorodnitsyn published works on ordinary differential equations, algebra, meteorology, wing theory (elliptic equations), boundary layer (parabolic equations), supersonic gas dynamics (hyperbolic equations), the numerical method of integral relations (for equations of all these types), the small parameter method for the Navier-Stokes equations, as well as on various issues of computer science

Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov ()

Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov () His scientific interests, as well as the range of his knowledge and competence, were extremely wide. He began his scientific career at the renowned scientific school of Academician N.N. Luzina. Today, the alley leading to Lyapunov’s grave at the Vvedensky cemetery passes by the place where the ashes of his teacher rest. Only the years of the Great Patriotic War interrupted Lyapunov’s scientific research for a time. He volunteered to go to the front, and immediately after the war his works on the theory of shooting appeared, which, in fact, were the result of wartime reflections. Lyapunov carried his interest in set theory throughout his life and repeatedly returned to his studies during the “cybernetic period.” Moreover, in cybernetic problems he often noticed circumstances of a set-theoretic nature and drew the attention of his students and collaborators to them. Lyapunov's passion for abstract problems of set theory was surprisingly combined with a keen interest in the natural and mathematical sciences in general. Therefore, it is no coincidence that he was one of the first in the USSR to appreciate the promise of cybernetics and was one of the founders of domestic cybernetic research. Lyapunov organized the first research seminar on cybernetics in our country at Moscow State University, which he led for ten years. Already in the fifties, his works on programming theory became very famous. In 1953, he proposed a method for preliminary description of programs using operator diagrams, which are aimed at clearly identifying the main types of operators and at constructing a unique algebra of program transformations. Thanks to the algebraic notation, this method turned out to be much more convenient than the previously used block diagram method. It became the main means of programming automation and was the basis for the development of ideas in the Soviet school of programming. Lyapunov’s participation in the development of work on automatic translation of texts from one language to another was very significant. Attempts to create translation algorithms have shown that existing grammars are not always suitable for these purposes; translation programs have a specific structure and differ from the structure of programs for computing tasks. Lyapunov formulated general ideas related to an attempt to overcome these difficulties. A large group of his students worked on the problems in collaboration with linguists. The result of this work was theoretical results in mathematical linguistics and practical development of some translation algorithms from French and English into Russian. A large place in his work is occupied by issues of control processes in living organisms. The application of mathematical modeling methods in biology and the introduction of precise definitions and evidentiary reasoning of a mathematical nature into biological theory and practice became the favorite brainchild of Lyapunov, the actual founder of “mathematical biology” in science. A well-deserved recognition of A.A. Lyapunov’s achievements was his election as a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1964.

Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich ()

Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich () an outstanding Soviet mathematician and economist, academician, Nobel Prize laureate in economics. He made a very significant contribution to world science, having obtained a number of fundamental results, which include: the creation of a theory of semi-ordered spaces in functional analysis, called K-spaces in honor of L. V. Kantorovich, the creation of a new direction in mathematics and economics for solving optimization problems, called linear programming; methods of "large-block" programming of tasks on a computer. The scientific activity of L. V. Kantorovich is clear evidence of how domestic mathematical schools influenced the development of computer technology and its fields. L. V. Kantorovich became interested in mathematical problems in the economics of industry, agriculture, and transport in 1938. A mathematical generalization of a class of problems that did not find proper solutions in the arsenal of methods of classical mathematics led L. V. Kantorovich to the creation of a new direction in mathematics and economics. This direction later received the name linear programming. Nowadays, linear programming is studied in all economics and mathematics departments, and is reported in school textbooks. These methods are included in computer application software, which is constantly being improved. Without their use, economic analysis is now unthinkable. L.V. Kantorovich created a school of “large-block” programming in Leningrad, which was looking for ways to overcome the well-known semantic gap between the input language of the machine, in which executable programs are represented, and the mathematical language of describing the algorithm for solving the problem. The ideas proposed by the school of L.V. Kantorovich largely anticipated the development of programming for the next 30 years. Now this direction is associated with functional programming (programming based on functions), in which the execution of a program in a functional language, informally speaking, consists of calling a function whose arguments are the values ​​of other functions, and these latter, in turn, can also be superpositions in the general case arbitrary depth. Many solutions found then in large-block circuit symbology are still relevant today. Kantorovich's schemes, model (level) approach, translation methods that flexibly combine compilation and interpretation are reflected in modern programming systems. We can say that L. At the dawn of programming theory, when programs were still being developed in machine code, V. Kantorovich was able to correctly indicate the fundamental paths of its development for more than 30 years in advance. In 1975, L. V. Kantorovich, together with the American mathematician T. Koopmans, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics. Many foreign academies and scientific societies elected L. V. Kantorovich as an honorary member. He was an honorary doctorate from the universities of Glasgow, Warsaw, Grenoble, Nice, Munich, Helsinki, Paris (Sorbonne), Cambridge, Pennsylvania, and the Statistical Institute in Calcutta.

S. A. Lebedev In the early 50s in Kyiv, in the laboratory of modeling and computer technology of the Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, under the leadership of Academician S. A. Lebedev, MESM was created - the first Soviet computer. The functional and structural organization of MESM was proposed by Lebedev in 1947. The first test launch of a prototype of the machine took place in November 1950, and the machine was put into operation in 1951. MESM worked in a binary system, with a three-address command system, and the calculation program was stored in an operational storage device. Lebedev's machine with parallel word processing was a fundamentally new solution. It was one of the first in the world and the first on the European continent a computer with a program stored in memory. MESM binary system Poletaev's work in popularizing cybernetics in the 50s brought fame and recognition to Poletaev's activities. By that time, a fairly strong group of young and bright scientists working on this science had formed. Instead of ranks and positions, they shared risks and costs, but went about their business with unheard-of dedication. In 1958, Poletaev’s book “Signal” was published, which could be considered an introduction to the basic concepts of cybernetics. The book provided a concentrated treatment of the main provisions and applications of this then young science. At the same time, the author of the book had to solve problems related to the direct application of cybernetics in military affairs. One of the first military cybernetic tasks was the use of computers that had appeared then for the air defense system: linear programming to serve the mass of “clients” in the airspace. However, later, having received an order to write the book “Military Cybernetics,” Poletaev refuses it, motivating it as follows: “What can be written is uninteresting, but what is needed is impossible.” At this time, he was already beginning to move away from purely technical and applied problems, his interests were moving into the field of research into large-scale systems, economic systems, control and controlled systems. He retained his interest in modeling complex systems until the last years of his scientific career. Intriguing results were obtained on fairly elementary and low-power, from today's point of view, computers. The economic model included not only resources and activities for their processing, but also the price of the resulting products, without providing for restrictions and regulation of this parameter. Being “launched” in a computer, the model, after several cycles of productive activity... switched to bare resale of products within itself. The delight of the authors of the experiment was great, but the corresponding experience, for the edification of subsequent generations, remained unclaimed. The largest initiative in which Poletaev actively participated in the years was an attempt to create large dual-use computers: for managing the economy in peacetime and managing the army in case of war. The authors of the project hoped that as a result of its implementation, the economy would become truly planned and managed in a reasonable manner, and computer technology in the country would receive the right impetus for development, and the army would eventually meet the requirements and challenges of the moment. The project stumbled over the Main Political Directorate of the Army. The general, who examined the document, asked a question that was quite reasonable from his point of view: “Where is the leading role of the party here, in your car?” The latter, presumably, was not algorithmized in the project. And the project was scrapped. In 1961, Poletaev received a job offer at the Novosibirsk Institute of Mathematics of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences. Having moved to Novosibirsk, he began to work with great enthusiasm on various problems in the field of cybernetics. These included recognition problems, a rigorous analysis of the subject of cybernetics and its basic concepts (information, model, etc.), and modeling of economic systems and physiological processes. Many of the ideas expressed by Poletaev in his books, lectures, and scientific debates remain relevant. Academician Andrei Petrovich Ershov () is one of the founders of theoretical and system programming, the creator of the Siberian School of Informatics. His significant contribution to the development of computer science as a new branch of science and a new phenomenon of social life is widely recognized in our country and abroad. While still a student at Moscow State University, under the influence of A. A. Lyapunov, he became interested in programming. After graduating from the university, A.P. Ershov went to work at the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Science, an organization in which one of the first Soviet teams of programmers was formed. In 1957, he was appointed head of the department of automation programming at the newly created Computing Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In connection with the formation of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, at the request of the director of the Institute of Mathematics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician S. L. Sobolev, he takes on the responsibility of the organizer and actual head of the programming department of this institute, and then moves to the Computing Center of the SB RAS. Fundamental research by A.P. Ershov in the field of program diagrams and compilation theory had a noticeable influence on his many students and followers. A.P. Ershov's book "Programming program for the BESM electronic computer" was one of the world's first monographs on programming automation. For his significant contribution to the theory of mixed computing, A.P. Ershov was awarded the Academician A.N. Krylov Prize. Ershov’s work on programming technology laid the foundations of this scientific direction in our country. More than 20 years ago, he began experiments in teaching programming in high schools, which led to the introduction of computer science and computer science courses in high schools across the country and enriched us with the thesis “programming is the second literacy.” It is difficult to overestimate the role of A.P. Ershov as an organizer of science: he took an active part in the preparation of many international conferences and congresses, was an editor or member of the editorial board of both the Russian journals “Microprocessor Tools and Systems”, “Cybernetics”, “Programming”, and international - Acta Informatica, Information Processing Letters, Theoretical Computer Science. After the death of Academician A.P. Ershov, his heirs transferred the library to the Institute of Informatics Systems, which by that time had separated from the Computing Center. Now this is the Memorial Library. A.P. Ershov Memorial Library In 1988, the A.P. Ershov Charitable Foundation was created, the main goal of which was the development of computer science as invention, creativity, art and educational activity. A.P. Ershov Foundation He wrote poetry, translated poems by R. Kipling and other English poets into Russian, beautifully played by n

For the development of the theory of digital automata, the creation of multiprocessor macro-pipeline supercomputers and the organization of the Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the international organization IEEE Computer Society in 1998 posthumously awarded Viktor Mikhailovich Glushkov the Computer Pioneer medal. Viktor Mikhailovich Glushkov was born on August 24, 1923 in Rostov-on-Don in the family of a mining engineer. V. M. Glushkov graduated from secondary school 1 in Shakhty with a gold medal. In 1943 he became a student at the Novocherkassk Industrial Institute, and in his fourth year he decided to transfer to the Faculty of Mathematics of Rostov University. To this end, he externally passed all the exams for a four-year university course in mathematics and physics and became a fifth-year student at Rostov University. In August 1956, V. M. Glushkov radically changed the scope of his activity, connecting it with cybernetics, computer technology and applied mathematics. In 1957, V. M. Glushkov became director of the Computing Center of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences with the rights of a research organization. Five years later, in December 1962, the Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR was organized on the basis of the Computing Center of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. V. M. Glushkov became its director. In 1964, for a series of works on the theory of automata, V. M. Glushkov was awarded the Lenin Prize. The development of a macro-conveyor computer was carried out at the Institute of Cybernetics under the leadership of V. M. Glushkov. The EC-2701 machine (in 1984) and the EC-1766 computer system (in 1987) were put into mass production. At that time, these were the most powerful computing systems in the USSR. They had no analogues in world practice and were an original development of ES computers in the direction of high-performance systems. V. M. Glushkov no longer had to see them in action.

1. LITERATURE USED: 2.

“Textbooks in computer science” - Goryachev A.V. Interior design. Textbook Publisher: Binom, 2006. Handbook-workshop. – M.: “Balass”, 2006. For primary school teachers, computer science teachers and methodologists. Matveeva N.V. and others. Publisher: Binom. Goryachev A.V. Computer Science and ICT. Goryachev A.V., Ostrovskaya E.M. Graphic editor "TuxPaint" for schoolchildren.

“Tournament in Informatics” - Space (PotaP ROBEL). Yeralash. Savvy ones. Ivan Sergeevich bought himself a bicycle and rode it to work. Sharp (bicycle AND ROAD) - #. In the presence of the boss, Potap was as shy as a child. Believe it or not. Believe it or not. ALGOL. Input (IN WATER) - . Well done! Jargon is a slang word or expression.

“Materials on computer science” - GRAPHIC EDITOR 1 GRAPHIC EDITOR 2 (lessons-presentations). Logical games 2. Laboratory work. PROJECT School riddles. Practical work. PROJECT Construction from autofigures. TEST TASKS on the topic: “GRAPHIC EDITOR”. Algorithm. Go to the sections of the manual. Properties of algorithms. Go to next page.

“Informatics and Programs” - Programming – creating a program that implements a specific algorithm. Programmers, programming and programming languages. Author's page. Folders and volumes (disks). Organizing information on a computer. The term “programmer” often refers to a variety of professions. A software package is a set of programs that perform some common task.

“Informatics lessons” - This lesson involves the creativity of the teacher. An electronic manual has also been created on the topic “Algebra Logic”, “Number System”. Profile differentiation, both by level and content of training. Students are actively involved in the creation of such learning environments. Integrated lessons. Multimedia lesson.

“Informatics Test” - 5) How many types of information exist in a computer? Back to the first question. 5) How many types of encoding of text information are there? 2) What is the plotter intended for? Let's move on to the next question??? 1) How many types of printers based on their operating principle are there at the moment? 3) What is 1 byte equal to?

Leonardo da Vinci For more than 300 years, it was believed that the author of the first calculating machine was Blaise Pascal. However, in 1967, two volumes of unpublished manuscripts by Leonardo da Vinci, one of the titans of the Renaissance, Italian painter, sculptor, architect, scientist and engineer, were found in the National Library of Madrid. Among the drawings they found a sketch of a thirteen-bit adding device with ten-tooth wheels. It was collected by the company for advertising purposes. However, in 1967, two volumes of unpublished manuscripts of 1BM were found in the National Library of Madrid and it turned out to be quite functional.

Wilhelm Schickard Ten years earlier, in 1957, a previously unknown photocopy of a sketch of a calculating device was discovered in the Stuttgart city library, from which it followed that another design for a calculating machine appeared at least 20 years earlier than the “Pascal wheel”. It was possible to establish that this sketch is nothing more than a missing appendix to a previously published letter to I. Kepler from the University of Tübingen professor Wilhelm Schickard (from), where Schickard, referring to the drawing, described the calculating machine he had invented. The machine contained adding and multiplying devices, as well as a mechanism for recording intermediate results. In another letter (from) Schickard wrote that Kepler would be pleasantly surprised if he saw how the machine itself accumulates and transfers to the left a ten or a hundred and how it takes away what it holds in its “mind” when subtracting. Wilhelm Schickard () appeared in Tübingen in 1617 and soon became professor of oriental languages ​​at the local university. At the same time, he corresponded with Kepler and a number of German, French, Italian and Dutch scientists on issues related to astronomy. Drawing attention to the young scientist’s extraordinary mathematical abilities, Kepler recommended that he take up mathematics. Schickard heeded this advice and achieved significant success in his new field. In 1631 he became professor of mathematics and astronomy. And five years later, Schickard and members of his family died of cholera. The scientist’s works were forgotten...

Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal () is one of the most famous people in human history. Pascal died when he was 39 years old, but despite such a short life, he went down in history as an outstanding mathematician, physicist, philosopher, writer, who also believed in miracles. Some of Pascal's practical achievements have received the highest distinction today. knows the name of their author. For example, now very few people will say that the most ordinary wheelbarrow is the invention of Blaise Pascal. He also came up with the idea of ​​omnibuses of multi-seat horse-drawn carriages with fixed routes, the first type of regular public urban transport. When he was very young (1643), Pascal created a mechanical device - a summing machine, which made it possible to add numbers in the decimal number system. In this machine, numbers were set by corresponding turns of disks (wheels) with digital divisions, and the result of the operation could be read in windows, one for each digit. The disks were mechanically connected; when adding, the transfer of a unit to the next digit was taken into account. The units disk was connected to the tens disk, the tens disk to the hundreds disk, etc. The main disadvantage of Pascal's summing machine was the inconvenience of performing all operations except addition with its help.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz () entered the history of mathematics primarily as the creator of differential and integral calculus, combinatorics, and the theory of determinants. But his name also stands among the outstanding inventors of calculating devices. Leibniz was born in Leipzig and belonged to a family known for its scientists and politicians. In 1661, Leibniz became a student. He studies philosophy, law and mathematics at the universities of Leipzig, Vienna and Altdorf. In 1666, he defended two dissertations for the title of associate professor in law and mathematics. In 1672, Leibniz met the Dutch mathematician and astronomer Christian Huygens. Seeing how many calculations an astronomer had to do, Leibniz decided to invent a mechanical device for calculations, which he completed in 1694. Developing Pascal's ideas, Leibniz used the shift operation for bitwise multiplication of numbers. One copy of Leibniz's machine came to Peter the Great, who presented it to the Chinese emperor, wanting to amaze him with European technical achievements. Leibniz also came close to creating mathematical logic: he proposed using mathematical symbolism in logic and was the first to express the idea of ​​​​using the binary number system in it, which later found application in automatic computers.

George Boole George Boole (). After Leibniz, research in the field of mathematical logic and the binary number system was carried out by many outstanding scientists, but real success came here to the self-taught English mathematician George Boole, whose determination knew no bounds. The financial situation of George's parents allowed him to graduate only from an elementary school for the poor. After some time, Boole, having changed several professions, opened a small school where he taught. He devoted a lot of time to self-education and soon became interested in the ideas of symbolic logic. In 1854, his main work, “A Study of the Laws of Thought on which Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probability are Based,” appeared. After some time, it became clear that the Boole system is well suited for describing electrical switching circuits: current in the circuit can either flow or be absent, like how a statement can be either true or false. Already in the 20th century, together with the binary number system, the mathematical apparatus created by Boole formed the basis for the development of a digital electronic computer.

Hermann Hollerith A significant contribution to the automation of information processing was made by an American, the son of German emigrants, Hermann Hollerith (). He is the founder of counting and punching technology. While dealing with the processing of statistical information from the census conducted in the United States in 1890, Hollerith built a hand-held punch that was used to apply digital data to punched cards (holes were punched on the card), and introduced mechanical sorting for the layout of these punched cards depending on the location of the punches. He built a summing machine called a tabulator, which “probed” holes on punched cards, perceived them as corresponding numbers, and counted these numbers. The tabulator card was the size of a dollar bill. It had 12 rows, in each of which 20 holes could be punched, corresponding to data such as age, gender, place of birth, number of children, marital status, etc. Agents participating in the census recorded respondents' responses in special forms. The completed forms were sent to Washington, where the information they contained was transferred to cards using a punch. The punched cards were then loaded into special devices connected to a tabulator, where they were threaded onto thin needles. The needle, entering the hole, passed through it, closing a contact in the corresponding electrical circuit of the machine. This, in turn, caused the counter, consisting of rotating cylinders, to move forward one position.

John Vincent Atanasov In 1973, the court established that the patent rights to the basic ideas of digital electronic machines belong to John Atanasov. A Bulgarian by birth, John Vincent Atanasov () became a second-generation American. Atanasov began his search for ways to automate calculations in 1933, when he supervised graduate students studying the theory of elasticity, quantum physics, and crystal physics. Most of the problems they encountered involved partial differential equations. To solve them, it was necessary to use approximate methods, which, in turn, required solving large systems of algebraic equations. Therefore, the scientist began to make attempts to use technical means to speed up calculations: Atanasov decided to design a computer based on new principles, using vacuum tubes as an elemental base. In the fall of 1939, John Atanasov and his assistant Clifford Berry began building a specialized computer designed to solve a system of algebraic equations with 30 unknowns. It was decided to call it ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer). The source data, presented in the decimal number system, had to be entered into the machine using standard punched cards. Then, in the machine itself, the decimal code was converted into binary, which was then used in it. The main arithmetic operations were addition and subtraction, and multiplication and division were performed with their help. There were two storage devices in the car. By the spring of 1942, work on the vehicle was largely completed; However, at this time the United States was already at war with Nazi Germany, and wartime problems pushed work on the first computer into the background. Soon the car was dismantled.

Konrad Zuse The creator of the first working computer with program control is considered to be the German engineer Konrad Zuse (), who loved to invent since childhood and, while still at school, designed a model of a machine for changing money. He began to dream about a machine capable of performing tedious calculations instead of a person , while still a student. Unaware of the work of Charles Babbage, Zuse soon began to create a device much like the English mathematician's Analytical Engine. In 1936, in order to devote more time to building a computer, Zuse quit the company where he worked. He set up a “workshop” on a small table in his parents’ house. After about two years, the computer, which already occupied an area of ​​about 4 m2 and was an intricacy of relays and wires, was ready. The machine, which he named 21 (from 7, from the name Zuse, written in German), had a keyboard for data entry. In 1942, Zuse and the Austrian electrical engineer Helmut Schreyer proposed creating a device of a fundamentally new type, based on vacuum vacuum tubes. The new machine was supposed to operate hundreds of times faster than any of the machines available at that time in warring Germany. However, this proposal was rejected: Hitler imposed a ban on all “long-term” scientific developments, since he was confident of a quick victory. In the difficult post-war years, Zuse, working alone, created a programming system called Plankalkul (Plankal-kul, “calculus of plans”). This language is called the first high-level language.

Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev () was born in Nizhny Novgorod. In 1921, he entered the Moscow Higher Technical School (now Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman) at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering. In 1928, Lebedev, having received a diploma in electrical engineering, became both a teacher at the university from which he graduated and a junior researcher at the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute (VEI). In 1936, he was already a professor and author (together with P.S. Zhdanov) of the book “Stability of Parallel Operation of Electrical Systems,” widely known among specialists in the field of electrical engineering. At the end of the 1940s, under the leadership of Lebedev, the first domestic electronic digital computer MESM (small electronic calculating machine) was created, which was one of the first in the world and the first in Europe a computer with a program stored in memory. In 1950, Lebedev moved to the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Science (ITM and VT AS USSR) in Moscow and became the chief designer of BESM, and then the director of the institute. At that time BESM-1 was the fastest computer in Europe and was not inferior to the best computers in the USA. Soon the car was slightly modernized and in 1956 it began to be mass-produced under the name BESM-2. BESM-2 carried out calculations during the launch of artificial Earth satellites and the first spacecraft with a person on board. In 1967, the company created under the leadership of S.A. began mass production. Lebedev and V.A. Melnikov's original architecture BESM-6 with a speed of about 1 million op./s: BESM-6 was among the most productive computers in the world and had many of the “features” of machines of the next, third generation. It was the first large domestic machine that began to be supplied to users along with developed software.

John von Neumann American mathematician and physicist John von Neumann () was from Budapest, the second largest and most important cultural center of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire after Vienna. This man began to stand out for his extraordinary abilities very early: at the age of six he spoke ancient Greek, and at eight he mastered the basics of higher mathematics. He worked in Germany, but in the early 1930s he decided to settle in the USA. John von Neumann made a significant contribution to the creation and development of a number of areas of mathematics and physics, and had a significant influence on the development of computer technology. He performed fundamental research related to mathematical logic, group theory, operator algebra, quantum mechanics, statistical physics; is one of the creators of the Monte Carlo method, a numerical method for solving mathematical problems based on the modeling of random variables. “According to von Neumann,” the main place among the functions performed by a computer is occupied by arithmetic and logical operations. An arithmetic-logical device is provided for them. Its operation and the entire machine in general are controlled using a control device. The role of information storage is performed by RAM. Information is stored here for both the arithmetic logic unit (data) and the control unit (instructions).

Claude Elwood Shannon Already in his teens, Claude Elwood Shannon () began to design. He made model airplanes and radios, created a radio-controlled boat, and connected his home and a friend's home with a telegraph line. Claude's childhood hero was the famous inventor Thomas Alva Edison, who was also his distant relative (however, they never met). In 1937, Shannon presented his thesis "Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits", while working on which he came to the conclusion that Boolean algebra can be successfully used for the analysis and synthesis of switches and relays in electrical circuits. We can say that this work paved the way for the development of digital computers. Claude Ellwood Shannon's most famous work is A Mathematical Theory of Communications, published in 1948, which presents considerations related to his new science of information theory. One of the tasks of information theory is to find the most economical coding methods that allow you to convey the necessary information using a minimum number of symbols. Shannon defined the basic unit of information quantity (later called a bit) as a message representing one of two options: heads, tails, yes, no, etc. A bit can be represented as a 1 or 0, or as the presence or absence of current in a circuit.

Bill (William) Gates Bill Gates was born on October 28, 1955. He and his two sisters grew up in Seattle. Their father, William Gates II, is a lawyer. Bill Gates' mother, Mary Gates, was a schoolteacher, board member of the University of Washington, and chairman of United Way International. Gates and his high school friend Paul Allen entered the world of entrepreneurship at age fifteen. They wrote a program to regulate traffic and formed a company to distribute it; earned dollars from this project and never went to high school again. In 1973, Gates entered the first year of Harvard University. During his time at Harvard, Bill Gates and Paul Allen wrote the first operating system, developing the BASIC programming language for the first MITS Altair minicomputer. In his third year, Bill Gates left Harvard to devote himself full-time to Microsoft, the company he founded in 1975 with Allen. Under a contract with IBM, Gates creates the MS-DOS operating system, which in 1993 was used by 90% of the world's computers and which made him fabulously rich. So Bill Gates went down in history not only as the chief software architect of the Microsoft corporation, but also as the youngest self-made billionaire. Today, Bill Gates is one of the most popular figures in the computer world. There are jokes about him, praises are sung to him. People magazine, for example, believes that "Gates is to programming what Edison is to the light bulb: part innovator, part entrepreneur, part tradesman, but always a genius."